Abstract: The battery has an electrolyte activating one or more anodes and one or more cathodes. At least one of the one or more cathodes includes or consists of one or more first active materials selected from the group consisting of: fluorinated carbon (CFx),CuCl2, and LiCuCl2; and includes or consists of one or more second active materials selected from the group consisting of lithium vanadium oxide, such as Li1+yV3O8, where y is greater than zero and/or less than 0.3, TiS2, polypyrrole, MoO2, MoS2, MnO2, V2O5, V6O13, H2V3O8, and metal vanadium oxides represented by MyH1?yV3O8 where 0<y?1 and M represents Na, Mg, Ba, K, Co, and Ca and combinations thereof.

Abstract: The battery system includes a battery pack having a plurality of power sources arranged in parallel groups that are connected in series. Each parallel group includes a plurality of power sources connected in parallel. Each power source includes a battery. The system also includes electronics configured to repeatedly charge the battery pack according to a charging protocol. The charging protocol is configured such that the voltage of any one battery in the battery pack does not exceed its maximum operational voltage after failure of a battery in the battery pack.

Abstract: In a battery pack having a plurality of electrochemical battery cells arranged in one or more battery pack modules having inter-cell spaces defined between the cells, a method and apparatus diverts hot material vented from a failed battery cell into adjacent inter-cell spaces without permitting the hot material to directly impinge upon an adjacent battery cell end. Optionally the heat evolved from the cell failure is also conducted within the structure of the battery pack by thermally conductive elements to further dissipate it.

Abstract: The battery system includes a battery pack having a plurality of power sources arranged in parallel groups that are connected in series. Each parallel group includes a plurality of power sources connected in parallel. Each power source includes a battery. The system also includes electronics configured to repeatedly charge the battery pack according to a charging protocol. The charging protocol is configured such that the voltage of any one battery in the battery pack does not exceed its maximum operational voltage after failure of a battery in the battery pack.

Abstract: The battery system includes a battery pack having a plurality of power sources arranged in parallel groups that are connected in series. Each parallel group includes a plurality of power sources connected in parallel. Each power source includes a battery. The system also includes electronics configured to repeatedly charge the battery pack according to a charging protocol. The charging protocol is configured such that the voltage of any one battery in the battery pack does not exceed its maximum operational voltage after failure of a battery in the battery pack.

Abstract: The battery pack includes bus lines connecting a plurality of source trains in parallel. Each source train includes a plurality of voltage sources connected in series. Each voltage source includes one or more batteries. The battery pack also includes one or more balance lines providing electrical communication between the source trains such that a voltage source in one of the source trains is connected in parallel with a voltage source in one or more of the other source trains.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of manufacturing silver halide grains using a double jet precipitation process. Soluble salt and soluble halide salt are introduced at a high velocity into a well mixing vessel containing silver halide grains for a time t. The introduction is halted for a time T, wherein T>t. No emulsion is removed from the reactor. The present invention provides precise control of the silver halide grain growth and provides improved scaleability.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method and apparatus for determining average particle size of silver halide grains in a solution or emulsion containing silver ions and excess halide ions. The potential of the silver ion in solution (E.sub.d) is measured using a silver electrode and the potential of the silver ion in solution with infinitely large silver halide particles (E.sub.e) is measured using a silver electrode coated with silver halide. The molecular volume (v) of the solute is calculated and the average particle size (d) is calculated from the following formula: ##EQU1## wherein F is the Faraday constant and (s) is the surface energy of the average particle size per unit area.

Abstract: A battery having a metallic foil coated rigid plastic housing impedes adverse affects on the battery electrolyte.