Abstract: Provided are methods of reducing glucose production in a mammal, methods of reducing food intake in a mammal, methods of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver of a mammal, methods of reducing peripheral blood glucose levels in a mammal, methods of decreasing serum triglyceride levels in a mammal, and methods of decreasing very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in a mammal.

Abstract: Methods for reducing peripheral blood glucose levels, food intake, glucose production, gluconeogenesis, triglyceride levels, and low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in mammals are provided. Also provided are methods of increasing glucose production and food intake in mammals. Further provided are methods of treating a disorder selected from the group consisting of obesity, type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, leptin resistance, metabolic syndrome, heart failure, ischemia, coronary heart disease, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, hypopituitarism, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperVLDLemia, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and any combination of the foregoing. The methods involve manipulations of amino acid presence or metabolism in the hypothalamus of the mammal.

Abstract: Methods of reducing food intake and glucose production in a mammal, or restoring hepatic autoregulation are provided. The methods involve increasing long-chain fatty acyl-Co-A (LC-CoA) levels in the hypothalamus, or stimulating efferent fibers in the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. Also provided are methods of increasing food intake and glucose production in a mammal. The methods involve decreasing long-chain fatty acyl-Co-A (LC-CoA) levels in the hypothalamus of the mammal.

Abstract: Provided are methods of increasing KATP activity in the hypothalamus of a mammal, methods of reducing glucose production and peripheral blood glucose levels in a mammal, methods of inhibiting gluconeogenesis in the liver of a mammal, and methods of increasing glucose production and peripheral blood glucose levels in a mammal.

Abstract: Methods of reducing food intake and glucose production in a mammal, or restoring hepatic autoregulation are provided. The methods involve increasing long-chain fatty acyl-Co-A (LC-CoA) levels in the hypothalamus, or stimulating efferent fibers in the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. Also provided are methods of increasing food intake and glucose production in a mammal. The methods involve decreasing long-chain fatty acyl-Co-A (LC-CoA) levels in the hypothalamus of the mammal.

Abstract: Provided are methods of increasing KATP channel activity in the hypothalamus of a mammal, methods of reducing glucose production in a mammal, methods of reducing peripheral glucose levels in a mammal, methods of reducing triglyceride levels in a mammal, methods of reducing very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in a mammal, methods of methods of reducing gluconeogenesis in the liver of a mammal, methods of treating metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome and/or obesity, and methods of increasing glucose production and peripheral glucose levels in a mammal. Also provided are methods of treating heart failure, ischemia, coronary heart disease, familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency, hypopituitarism, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperVLDLemia, atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome, gonadotropin deficiency and/or amenorrhea.