Abstract: In various embodiments, a gas discharge tube having a starting aid may include a discharge vessel with at least one open end, in which end a stopper with a continuous stopper bore is inserted; and an electrical leadthrough, which is inserted into the respective stopper bore and is fuse-sealed into the stopper bore. The starting aid extends as far as into the stopper bore.

Abstract: In various embodiments, a gas discharge tube having a starting aid may include a discharge vessel with at least one open end, in which end a stopper with a continuous stopper bore is inserted; and an electrical leadthrough, which is inserted into the respective stopper bore and is fuse-sealed into the stopper bore. The starting aid extends as far as into the stopper bore.

Abstract: In a high-pressure discharge lamp including a ceramic discharge vessel, a secure connection between a hybrid antenna as starting aid and a leadthrough of the discharge vessel is provided by virtue of the fact that a means between leadthrough and extension limits the ohmic resistance between leadthrough and hybrid antenna preferably to at most 100?.

Abstract: An evaluation device for measuring the ignition energy of a discharge lamp that is ignited by means of a superposed ignition unit, with the aid of a measuring signal that is proportional to the voltage across the discharge, and a measuring signal that is proportional to the current flowing through the lamp, is provided. The evaluation device is configured such that the energy injected into a discharge lamp during a high voltage pulse is suitably evaluated by means of a combination of an analog circuit and a digital circuit.

Abstract: A high-pressure discharge lamp with a starting aid has a discharge vessel, the discharge vessel being held in an outer bulb by means of a frame. A UV enhancer which is fixed directly by means of the frame is used as the starting aid.

Abstract: In a high-pressure discharge lamp including a ceramic discharge vessel, a secure connection between a hybrid antenna as starting aid and a leadthrough of the discharge vessel is provided by virtue of the fact that a means between leadthrough and extension limits the ohmic resistance between leadthrough and hybrid antenna preferably to at most 100?.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for adapting the output of high pressure discharge lamps that is suitable for operating with an inductor is provided, wherein the circuit arrangement includes an electronic switch that is connected in parallel with the lamp, and this parallel circuit is arranged in series with the inductor, the circuit arrangement being arranged in the high pressure discharge lamp.

Abstract: An evaluation device for measuring the ignition energy of a discharge lamp that is ignited by means of a superposed ignition unit, with the aid of a measuring signal that is proportional to the voltage across the discharge, and a measuring signal that is proportional to the current flowing through the lamp, is provided. The evaluation device is configured such that the energy injected into a discharge lamp during a high voltage pulse is suitably evaluated by means of a combination of an analog circuit and a digital circuit.

Abstract: A device for measuring the current of a discharge lamp, includes a first current measuring device, which converts the current flowing through the lamp into a signal; a second current measuring device, through which a current flows which has the same amplitude response and phase response as the displacement current which flows through the first current measuring device; wherein the signals of the first current measuring device and the second current measuring device are interconnected in such a way that the content of the displacement current in the resultant signal vanishes.

Abstract: A glow discharge source for the elemental analysis of solid samples of material by means of optical glow discharge spectroscopy (GD-OES) or glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GD-MS) or secondary neutral particle mass spectroscopy (SNMS), a glow discharge being produced by means of a connected electrical voltage source on the sample of material between the latter and an anode and evaluated spectrometrically, wherein a current transformer component for detecting the current flowing between the glow discharge and the voltage source is disposed at or in the anode or connected electrically with the anode.

Abstract: The invention relates to a glow discharge source for elemental analysis on solid material samples, which can be operated with a direct voltage, a pulsed direct voltage, or a HF voltage. The aim of the invention is to produce a glow discharge source for elemental analysis on solid material samples, whereby a glow discharge is generated between the material sample (4) and an anode (1), by means of a connected electrical voltage source (6), such that the blind current is minimised and the current flowing through the cooling water is not included in the measurement. Said aim is achieved, whereby a current transformer element (9), for recording the current flowing between the glow discharge (7) and the voltage source (6) is arranged in or on the anode (1), or the components electrically connected to the anode. The glow discharge source may be used for optical glow discharge spectroscopy (GD-OES), glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GD-MS), or secondary neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS).

Abstract: A control device for at least two partial fluid ducts comprises a common fluid supply duct and a common fluid removal duct. The fluid supply duct is connected with the fluid removal duct by at least two partial fluid ducts. A filtering device, a valve device each having a blocking element, and a stop valve are each located in a corresponding partial fluid duct. Each blocking element of the valve device operates in such a way that the blocking element can be moved between a first (open) position, in which the fluid flowing through the partial fluid duct in which it is located is filtered, and a second (closed) position, in which the fluid is filtered in the other partial fluid duct, whereas at the same time the filtering device provided in the partial fluid duct in which it is located is washed by the fluid flowing in the reverse direction. Furthermore, each blocking element can be brought from the first position into the second position and vice-versa by rotating the blocking element.

Abstract: A supporting plate is described for a filter in a fluid filter device, said filter being essentially perpendicular to the flowing direction of the fluid, said supporting plate containing a large number of holes which pass from the front side of the plate to the rear side. Each hole (8) provides in the area of the front side (6) and/or in the area of the rear side (7) a distal section (16, 17) which is increased relative to the smallest cross-section of the hole (8), whereby this distal section (16, 17) is of such a shape, that the total surface of the edges (13, 14) between the holes (8) is decreased.

Abstract: A filter changing apparatus for use with an extruder for plasticized synthetic plastic material has a housing with one or more bores for reciprocable cylindrical carriers of tubular filters. Each carrier is movable between at least one first position in which a stream of plastic material can flow from an inlet of the housing, axially into one end of the filter, radially outwardly from the filter and into an outlet of the housing, and at least one second position in which the carrier seals the inlet from the outlet or permits expulsion of contaminants and plastic material from the filter in a direction toward the inlet or into a second outlet of the housing.

Abstract: Apparatus for filtering plasticized material between the inlet and the outlet of a housing has two parallel passages for reciprocable filter carriers each of which is movable between a first position and a second position. When in their first positions, the carriers permit plasticized material to flow from the inlet, through filters in their filter chambers and then into the outlet of the housing.