Abstract: Individual road transport and rail-bound transport are combined with rapid transfer from one transport mode to the other. The transport units for individual traffic are semi-trailer trucks. The load and transported-material bearing semi-trailer are transferred by cross-rolling onto the low-platform railroad car for rail-bound shipping. The tractor-truck serves only as a power plant and supports docking. Thereafter the tractor is again available for other transports in individual traffic. The energy of motion is supplied from the tractor-truck through extensible power or air lines to the semi-trailer and these lines are disconnected following docking. Locks are provided to secure the position of the semi-trailer on the low-platform railroad car and these locks are of the self-service type. Means for anti-tipping are provided at the apron and/or at the low-platform railroad cars to prevent their tipping during load transfer.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical correlator comprising an optical system for imaging an object space, a spatial frequency filter disposed in or close by the image plane, and at least one photoelectric detector assigned to said spatial frequency filter. According to the invention the spatial frequency filter is a raster, the structures of which extend in the direction of the perspective vanishing lines of the image of the object space and/or perpendicularly to at least one of said vanishing lines. The size of the structure elements and/or the distance between the elements constituting the raster structure are chosen according to the distortion of the perspective image.

Abstract: System for measuring the relative position and/or velocity of two objects with respect to each other and/or with respect to a common reference system, such as the ground, according to the magnitude and direction thereof, using electro-optical measuring means, the improvement comprising:(1) producing images of the object to be measured in at least two different spatial positions;(2) producing A.C. electrical signals of different frequency proportional to the relative movements of these images to at least one optical correlation system; and(3) evaluating these signals, with the use of the trigonometrical relationships of the perspective imaging, in a computer to determine the measured values.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the automatic evaluation of stereoscopic images by the determination of the maximum degree of correlation of identical images of an object reproduced by two objectives, for example for a range finder, wherein the two images are superimposed on one and/or two position frequency filters (82, 21, 31, 32) identical in their structures; the respective superimposed signal produced is fed respectively to one photoelectric receiver (13,14,43,44); and the output signals of the photoelectric receivers are used for indicating and/or control purposes. In one embodiment the position frequency filter (82) is moved and the output signals are correlated with each other. In another embodiment the output signals are subtracted from each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to an optical correlator comprising an optical system for imaging an object space, a spatial frequency filter disposed in or close by the image plane, and at least one photoelectric detector assigned to said spatial frequency filter. According to the invention the spatial frequency filter is a raster, the structures of which extend in the direction of the perspective vanishing lines of the image of the object space and/or perpendicularly to at least one of said vanishing lines. The size of the structure elements and/or the distance between the elements constituting the raster structure are chosen according to the distortion of the perspective image.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring distance using an optical correlator system containing at least one imaging optic, at least one optically active array, and at least a system of photoelectric detectors associated with the array preferably in the form of an optical grating structure wherein for the purpose of unambiguous distance or range determination by means of optical-geometric steps in the image region and/or in the Fourier space, different beam guidance systems are constructed so that for axial relative motion between object image and array output signals are generated at each photoelectric detector system associated with each beam guidance system, these output signals differing among themselves in frequency and hence (also) in phase. A comparison is made of the output signals and from the comparison the geometric image position of the principal maximum is determined with respect to the geometric positions of the secondary maxima.

Abstract: Apparatus to automatically analyze stereoscopic images comprising the determination of the maximum degree of correlation between two similar images of the same object projected by two objectives, for instance in a rangefinder, wherein the two images are superimposed on one or two spatial frequency filters identical in their structures, and wherein the particular generated superimposition signal, is preferably applied to a particular photoelectric detector and wherein the output signals from the latter are used for display and/or control purposes. The apparatus is improved by a system (20,20',21,21',22-25; 30-34) for generating a reference beam indicating mechanical changes affecting the image position of at least one of the measuring beams, at least one photoelectric detector (28,29;40) being associated with the one reference beam, the output signals from the one detector corresponding to the mechanical changes being used to display and/or correct the changes or the effects of same.

Abstract: A system for determining photoelectrically the position of at least one focus plane of an image within an optical apparatus, wherein the object is reproduced at least at one spatial frequency filter of an optical image correlator and there is measurement and/or display of the light fluxes leaving the local frequency filter.In this system light fluxes traversing differing pupil sections of the reproducing optics are modulated in common by a spatial frequency filter and are split up geometrically or physically, or by means of additional modulation in correspondence with the pupil sections. They are consecutively or simultaneously projected on a common photoelectric receiver or on separate photoelectric receivers, the output signals of which are processed further for purposes of controlling display and/or follow-up devices.

Abstract: An improved photographic still pocket camera, where the film is inserted in a cassette provided with a feed part or spool and a take-up part or spool, these parts or spools connected by a film guide ledge. A zoom lens is mounted inside the camera, with the picture-taking beam path of the zoom lens located essentially parallel to the film plane and hence transverse to the direction of picture taking. The movable lens elements of the zoom lens are also movable parallel to the film plane.

Abstract: Means for stabilizing the line of sight between an object and an optical viewing system which can move relative to each other, characterized in that electrical signals are derived with the aid of an optical grating (3',3") as a correlator, which signals correspond to the deviation from the line of sight (4) with respect to magnitude, direction, and arithmetic symbol; and that these signals are fed to a follower system (11,12) such as disclosed in L. M. Biberman: Reticles in Electro-Optical Devices, Pergamon Press, 1966, p. 45 which displaces the line of sight (4) until the original condition has been restored and the deviation has become zero again.

Abstract: System for monitoring spaces by electro-optical means, using optical imaging means (1) capable of detecting objects present in the monitored spaces and beam splitting means (2) for grating resolution of the object images into geometric, mutually complementary components. The imaging and beam splitting means form a correlation imaging sensor system equipped with photoelectric detectors (4,5) for the purpose of separately converging light fluxes corresponding to the image components into analogue electrical signals, and electrical means for measuring the amplitudes and phases of the signals as well as their variations. The correlation sensor system analyzes these values with respect to presence and/or motion of objects within the monitored spaces.

Abstract: The maximum braking or powering effect due to changing road conditions, preferably for the case of full braking of a rubber-tired vehicle is determined in the system of the present invention during normal driving conditions. In this system measurement apparatus known per se are used wherein1. acceleration or deceleration and/or powering or braking torques, and simultaneously2. the positive or negative slippages occuring from at least one powered or braked running memberAre measured and compared with one another as a function of time over a predetermined period, and the characteristics obtained possibly following intermediate storage from this comparison are fed to a display system and/or, following comparison with other data relating to extant traffic conditions, are fed to a control or regulation system so as to act on the braking or powering system.

Abstract: In an apparatus, an imaging system, at least one optically effective grating and a photoelectric receiver system are employed for determining the relative position of the plane of maximum amplitude of a spatial frequency component in the image of an object. The imaging system produces from light fluxes emanating from the object and traversing different regions of the entrance pupil of the imaging system an image of the object in a first, a second and a third intermediate image plane. The focussing screen mounted in the first plane is used for subjectively observing and focussing the object as well as for transmitting light fluxes to the optically effective grating which defines a given spatial frequency component and which is mounted at least in the vicinity of the second intermediate image plane for commonly modulating and splitting the light fluxes. The photoelectric receiver system generates therefrom electrical output signals used in devices for indicating and adjusting the sharp focussing of the object.