Abstract: Reactive stabilizing compounds, able to stabilize organic polymers, contain in their molecule a sterically hindered amino group and a hydrolyzable silyl function.In stabilizing organic polymers, said reactive stabilizing compounds can be hydrolyzed at the silyl function with the formation of silanol groups, which are made to interact in order to form complex resinous stabilizing structures. These latter are added in stabilizing quantities to the polymer to the stabilized.According to one particular embodiment, the hydrolysis at the silyl function and the formation of the resinous structure take place spontaneously within the polymer to be stabilized.According to a further embodiment, the reactive stabilizing compound is added to the polymer after being stably supported on a solid support by reaction with an inorganic solid having surface hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: A fuel composition with a high energy content, for direct-ignition internal combustion engines contains a gasoline from petroleum and an amount of up to 90% by volume, as referred to the same fuel composition, of hydrocarbon "cubane" or of its alkyl-derivatives, to be defined by means of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R' and R" represent, independently from each other, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Reactive antioxidant compounds, able to stabilize organic polymers, contain in their molecule a sterically hindered phenolic group and a hydrolysable silyl function. In stabilizing organic polymers, said reactive antioxidant compounds can be hydrolysed at the silyl function with the formation of silanol groups, which are made to interact in order to form complex resinous stabilizing structures. These latter are added in stabilizing quantities to the polymer to be stabilized. According to one particular embodiment, the hydrolysis at the silyl function and the formation of the resinous structure take place spontaneously within the polymer to be stabilized. According to a further embodiment, the reactive antioxidant compound is added to the polymer after being stably supported on a solid support by reaction with an inorganic solid having surface hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: Reactive stabilizing compounds, able to stabilize organic polymers, contain in their molecule a sterically hindered amino group and a hydrolyzable silyl function.In stabilizing organic polymers, said reactive stabilizing compounds can be hydrolyzed at the silyl function with the formation of silanol groups, which are made to interact in order to form complex resinous stabilizing structures. These latter are added in stabilizing quantities to the polymer to be stabilized.According to one particular embodiment, the hydrolysis at the silyl function and the formation of the resinous structure take place spontaneously within the polymer to be stabilized.According to a further embodiment, the reactive stabilizing compound is added to the polymer after being stably supported on a solid support by reaction with an inorganic solid having surface hydroxyl groups.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 1,4-diketopyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyrroles of the formula ##STR1## wherein each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of the other is an isocyclic aromatic or non-basic heterocyclic aromatic radical, which process comprises reacting 1 mole of the compound of formula ##STR2## wherein M is a metal atom, Z is alkyl or aryl, X is halogen or acetate, and m is a value from 0 to 2, with 1 mole of a compound of the formulaYCH.sub.2 COOZ (III)wherein Y is halogen, and with 1 mole of a nitrile of the formulaR.sub.1 --CN (IV) or R.sub.2 --CN (V)in an organic solvent and at elevated temperature, and isolating the compound of formula I.The compounds obtained according to the invention are suitable for pigmenting organic material of high molecular weight.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of 1,4-diketopyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyrroles of the formula ##STR1## wherein each of R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of the other is an isocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic radical, which process comprises reacting 1 mole of a disuccinate with 2 moles of a nitrile of the formulaR.sub.1 --CN (II)orR.sub.2 --CN (III)or with 1 mole of a nitrile of the formula (II) and 1 mole of the nitrile of the formula (III), in an organic solvent and in the presence of a strong base at elevated temperature, and obtaining the compound of formula I from the reaction product by hydrolysis.The pyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyrroles are suitable for pigmenting organic material of high molecular weight.

Abstract: A process for producing a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein A is aryl or alkyl, R.sub.1 is an aromatic radical and R.sub.2 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cyano, --COOalkyl or --COOaryl, which process comprises reacting 1 mol of an aromatic nitrile of the formula R.sub.1 --CN (II) with 1 mol of an acetic ester of the formula (X)(R.sub.2)CH--COOA (III) in which X is halogen, in the presence of zinc, in an inert organic solvent and at a temperature of less than 80.degree. C.; hydrolyzing in an alkaline medium the formed reaction product; and then isolating the compound of the formula I.The compounds of the formula I are valuable intermediates for producing heterocyclic compounds.

Abstract: A process for producing bismethine isoindolines of the formula ##STR1## in which process the condensation of 1 mol of any one of the compounds of the formulae ##STR2## with 2 mols of a cyanomethylene compound of the formula NC--CH.sub.2 --R.sub.1 or NC--CH.sub.2 --R.sub.2, or with 1 mol of a cyanomethylene compound of the formula NC--CH.sub.2 --R.sub.1 and 1 mol of a cyanomethylene compound of the formula NC--CH.sub.2 --R.sub.2, wherein the symbols have the meanings defined in the specification, is performed in a polar solvent in the presence of a strong base, and the bismethine isoindoline obtained is isolated from the reaction mixture by hydrolysis.The bismethine isoindolines are suitable for pigmenting high-molecular organic material, particularly lacquers.

Abstract: A process for dyeing high-molecular organic material in the bulk characterized by the use of a 1,4-diketo-pyrrole[3,4-c]-pyrrol of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are isocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic radicals, preferably unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl radicals.The dyeings obtained, for example in plastics, fibres, lacquers and printings, are distinguished by very high coloring strength, high saturation, good dispersibility, good fastness to cross-lacquering, migration, heat, light and weather, and also by a high gloss and a good IR-remission behavior.

Abstract: A process for producing bismethine isoindolines of the formula ##STR1## in which process the condensation of 1 mol of any one of the compounds of the formulae ##STR2## with 2 mols of a cyanomethylene compound of the formula NC-CH.sub.2 -R.sub.1 or NC-CH.sub.2 -R.sub.2, or with 1 mol of a cyanomethylene compound of the formula NC-CH.sub.2 -R.sub.1 and 1 mol of a cyanomethylene compound of the formula NC-CH.sub.2 -R.sub.2, wherein the symbols have the meanings defined in the specification, is performed in a polar solvent in the presence of a strong base, and the bismethine isoindoline obtained is isolated from the reaction mixture by hydrolysis.The bismethine isoindolines are suitable for pigmenting high-molecular organic material, particularly lacquers.

Abstract: A process for dyeing high-molecular organic material in the bulk characterized by the use of a 1,4-diketo-pyrrolo[3,4-c]-pyrrole of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are isocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic radicals, preferably unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or naphthyl radicals.The dyeings obtained, for example in plastics, fibres, lacquers and printings, are distinguished by very high coloring strength, high saturation, good dispersibility, good fastness to cross-lacquering, migration, heat, light and weather, and also by a high gloss and a good IR-remission behavior.

Abstract: Phenyl pyruvic acid and substituted derivatives thereof are synthesized by catalytic carbonylation of a benzyl halide in the presence of a catalytic system based on carbonyl complexes of cobalt or precursors thereof.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing alpha-thienylacetic acid, alkyl esters and salts thereof by carbonylation of 2-chloromethylthiophene, characterized in that 2-chloromethylthiophene and carbon monoxide are reacted under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature ranging from 0.degree. to 60.degree. C., in an aqueous-alcoholic solution in the presence of a catalyst selected from the class consisting of Co.sub.2 (CO).sub.8, MCo(CO).sub.4 where M is selected from the class consisting of Na and K, and a system comprising a cobalt salt (such as cobaltous chloride), a ferro-manganese alloy and at least one sulphur-containing promoter (such as the alkaline sulphides and thiosulphates), and in the presence of an inorganic base, and the separating the alpha-thienylacetic acid from the resulting salt and/or ester obtained.

Abstract: 1-PHENYL-3-AMINO-2-PYRAZOLINES ARE CATALYTICALLY OXIDIZED TO 1-PHENYL-3-AMINOPYRAZOLES, USING OXYGEN AND/OR AIR AS THE OXIDIZING AGENT AND IN THE PRESENCE OF COPPER SALTS, OPTIONALLY ASSOCIATED WITH METALLIC COPPER AND/OR AN AROMATIC, HETEROCYCLIC ORGANIC BASE SELECTED FROM N-dialkyl anilines, pyridines, piperidine, and ethanolamine, or equivalents thereof, in an inert reaction medium and at a temperature of from about 20.degree. C. to about 40.degree. C.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for preparing phenylacetic acid. In particular, the present invention relates to a catalytic process for the synthesis of the alkaline salts of phenylacetic acid by carbonylation of benzyl halides in a diphase system in the presence of cobalt carbonyl complexes. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for preparing alkaline salts of phenylacetic acid by reacting a benzyl halide selected from chloride and bromide with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst consisting in a salt of cobalt hydrocarbonyl, characterized in that the reaction is conducted in an aqueous/organic diphase system consisting of (a) an aqueous solution of an inorganic alkaline base, and (b) the benzyl halide in an organic solvent, in the presence of a catalyst system composed by a quaternary alkylammonium salt and by a cobalt hydrocarbonyl salt, at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature ranging from 20.degree. to 70.degree. C about.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing oxalic acid and esters of oxalic acid. More particularly, this invention relates to a catalytic process for preparing oxalic acid and esters of same by the oxidative reaction, in a liquid phase, of carbon monoxide and water or alcohols with oxygen in the presence of redox systems.The catalyst systems used in accordance with this invention comprises a redox catalyst consisting essentially of a salt of Pd (II) and salts of a metal more electropositive than Pd having at least two oxidation states and, optionally, salts of alkaline metals, and co-catalytic amounts of at least one base having the formula R.sub.3 N in which the groups R which may be like or unlike and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl radicals having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of anhydrous solutions of alkaline phenates in organic solvents, comprising the steps:(a) synthesis in water of alkaline phenates by the reaction of sodium sulphate or potassium sulphate with calcium hydroxide and a phenol of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R and R', which may be the same or different from each other, are hydrogen atoms or linear alkyl groups having up to 4 carbon atoms, at a temperature substantially lower than 30.degree. C;(b) filtering the calcium sulphate;(c) quantitatively decalcifying the residual aqueous solution by the addition of an aqueous solution of NaOH or KOH, until a total concentration is reached which is at least equal to about 30% by weight of the total solution;(d) filtering the precipitated calcium hydroxide and alkaline sulphate;(e) extracting in countercurrent, at a temperature between 50.degree. and about 90.degree.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for preparing glycolic acid and its polymers starting from formaldehyde, wherein the formaldehyde is reacted with carbon monoxide in concentrated H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 as reaction medium, in the presence of a catalyst based on a compound of Cu (I) or of Ag, and at a temperature ranging from 0.degree. to 90.degree. C and at a pressure between 0.1 and 30 atmospheres.

Abstract: A process for preparing carboxylic acids by reaction of carbon monoxide with aromatic and aliphatic organic halides, optionally further substituted by groups inert under the reaction conditions, and catalyzed by phosphinic palladium complexes and in the presence of quaternary alkyl-ammonium salts, characterized in that said process is conducted in a double liquid phase consisting essentially of (a) the organic halide and the catalytic palladium complex or their solutions in at least one hydrocarbon solvent immiscible with H.sub.2 O, and (b) an aqueous inorganic alkaline solution containing the quaternary alkyl-ammonium salt, at a temperature between about 50.degree. and 150.degree. C. More particularly, the reaction is conducted in the presence of at least one catalyst selected from among:A. at least one palladium complex of the formula:Pd[P(R).sub.3 ].sub.mwherein m is a whole number from 2 to 4, and (R).sub.