Abstract: A method of predicting state of power (SOP) for a battery includes estimating first state parameter bounds of the battery using an internal observer process; obtaining a current value based upon the first state parameter bounds, system constraint variables, a scaling factor and a reference current using a modified reference governor process; performing adaptive parameter bounding to obtain second state parameter bounds using the current value; determining a constraint variable based upon the second state parameter bounds and whether the constraint variable is within the system constraint variables the using an interval prediction process; and generating a modified scaling factor based upon whether the constraint variable is within the system constraint variables. Using the modified scaling factor, the obtaining, performing, determining and modifying are repeated to generate a final current value. The SOP is estimated based upon the final current value.

Abstract: An interval observer based on an equivalent circuit-thermal model for lithium-ion batteries is presented. State of charge-temperature-dependent parameters are considered as unknown but bounded uncertainties in a single cell model. A parallel and a series arrangement of five cells are used for observer design, where cell heterogeneity is accounted for through the uncertainty bounding functions.

Abstract: An interval observer based on an equivalent circuit-thermal model for lithium-ion batteries is presented. State of charge-temperature-dependent parameters are considered as unknown but bounded uncertainties in a single cell model. A parallel and a series arrangement of five cells are used for observer design, where cell heterogeneity is accounted for through the uncertainty bounding functions.

Abstract: A connector for terminating an electrical cable having a conductive sheath is disclosed. The connector includes a gland for receipt of the cable and a gland nut securable to the connector gland. Sealing structure supported between the gland and the gland nut effects a seal between the gland and the cable upon screw attachment of the gland nut to the gland. A sheath ground provides ground connection of the sheath to the connector upon initial insertion of the cable into the connector and also provide permanent mechanical and electrical connection between the sheath and the connector upon tightening of the gland nut to the gland.