Abstract: A method for the digital signing of a message by a sender of the message. A check value based on a symmetrical key pair is ascertained using a secret key as part of a symmetrical key pair and the message. A digital signature is ascertained using a private key as part of an asymmetrical key pair and the check value. The digital signature is provided for transmission, to a method for checking a received, digitally signed message by a receiver.

Abstract: A method for safely starting an arithmetic logic unit that includes a plurality of computer kernels, software being started which includes multiple computer-program parts that form one or more computer programs. The method includes: implementation of an integrity check of the computer-program parts, the integrity check being carried out in parallelized fashion utilizing at least two of the plurality of computer kernels at least to some extent simultaneously; and execution of one computer program of the one or more computer programs by the arithmetic logic unit if the integrity of the computer-program parts, which form the computer program, was confirmed.

Abstract: A method for the digital signing of a message by a sender of the message. A check value based on a symmetrical key pair is ascertained using a secret key as part of a symmetrical key pair and the message. A digital signature is ascertained using a private key as part of an asymmetrical key pair and the check value. The digital signature is provided for transmission, to a method for checking a received, digitally signed message by a receiver.