Abstract: A method for establishing a data model and an apparatus, where a network element may create an optical signal group that includes optical signals with different wavelengths. After selecting a first optical signal group and obtaining first data of the first optical signal group, the network element may reflect, based on a first model established based on the first data of the first optical signal group, a noise coefficient and a gain that are obtained after an optical signal in the optical signal group of different wavelength combinations passes through the network element.

Abstract: A bandwidth measurement method includes sending a first test packet on a test path that includes a to-be-measured link, sending a second test packet on the test path, setting at least one of a quantity of label layers in a first segment routing (SR) label or a quantity of label layers in a second SR label as a reference quantity of label layers for bandwidth measurement, and determining an available bandwidth on the to-be-measured link based on the reference quantity of label layers in response to the to-be-measured link failing to be congested with first test packets and being congested with second test packets. The first test packet includes the first SR label that indicates a forwarding relationship of the first test packet on the to-be-measured link. The second test packet includes a second SR label that indicates a forwarding relationship of the second test packet on the to-be-measured link.

Abstract: A bandwidth measurement method includes sending a first test packet on a test path that includes a to-be-measured link, sending a second test packet on the test path, setting at least one of a quantity of label layers in a first segment routing (SR) label or a quantity of label layers in a second SR label as a reference quantity of label layers for bandwidth measurement, and determining an available bandwidth on the to-be-measured link based on the reference quantity of label layers in response to the to-be-measured link failing to be congested with first test packets and being congested with second test packets. The first test packet includes the first SR label that indicates a forwarding relationship of the first test packet on the to-be-measured link. The second test packet includes a second SR label that indicates a forwarding relationship of the second test packet on the to-be-measured link.

Abstract: A method for establishing a data model and an apparatus, where a network element may create an optical signal group that includes optical signals with different wavelengths. After selecting a first optical signal group and obtaining first data of the first optical signal group, the network element may reflect, based on a first model established based on the first data of the first optical signal group, a noise coefficient and a gain that are obtained after an optical signal in the optical signal group of different wavelength combinations passes through the network element.