Abstract: A wastewater treatment system includes a biological reactor having anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic chambers. A lift station including a pump is operatively connected to a tertiary filter downstream of the biological reactor. The lift station receives biologically treated liquid from the tertiary filter and pumps the liquid from the lift station. A filtration subsystem is operatively connected to the lift station. The filtration subsystem receives and filters the liquid pumped by the lift station. The filtration subsystem includes a preliminary filter and a salt-rejecting membrane filter having a recycle conduit operatively connected to recirculate salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between biological reactor and the salt-rejecting membrane filter. A post-filtration subsystem is operatively connected to receive salt-rejecting membrane filter permeate, and includes an adsorbent and oxidation system.

Abstract: A wastewater recycling system includes a biological reactor having anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic chambers. A lift station including a pump is operatively connected to the biological reactor. The lift station receives biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor and pumps the liquid from the lift station. A filtration subsystem is operatively connected to the lift station. The filtration subsystem receives and filters the liquid pumped by the lift station. The filtration subsystem includes a salt-rejecting membrane filter comprising a concentrate recirculation conduit operatively connected to recirculate salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the wastewater recycling system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the wastewater recycling system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter.

Abstract: A wastewater recycling system includes a biological reactor having anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic chambers. A lift station including a pump is operatively connected to the biological reactor. The lift station receives biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor and pumps the liquid from the lift station. A filtration subsystem is operatively connected to the lift station. The filtration subsystem receives and filters the liquid pumped by the lift station. The filtration subsystem includes a salt-rejecting membrane filter comprising a concentrate recirculation conduit operatively connected to recirculate salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the wastewater recycling system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the wastewater recycling system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for abating scale formation during the purification and demineralization of water in an electrochemical deionization apparatus. In the apparatus and method, scale forming ions in a raw water feed are precipitated at a controlled location remote from the deionization chambers of the deionization apparatus. Concentrate water produced during the deionization process to produce demineralized product water is acidified and circulated through the deionization apparatus to prevent scale formation and build-up in the deionization apparatus.

Abstract: A method of precipitating scale from water includes providing an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell includes a primary cathode chamber including a first electrode therein, a primary anode chamber including a second electrode therein, and a cation exchange membrane separating the primary cathode chamber from the primary anode chamber. A flow of feed water is split into separate input flows to each of the primary cathode chamber and the primary anode chamber. The pH of the water in the primary anode chamber is reduced by electrolysis. The pH of water in the primary cathode chamber is increased by electrolysis, and cations are removed from the water in the primary cathode chamber by forming scale on the first electrode in the primary cathode chamber. Separate treated water output flows, from each of the primary cathode chamber and primary anode chamber, are combined into a combined conditioned water flow.

Abstract: A method of precipitating scale from water includes providing an electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell includes a primary cathode chamber including a first electrode therein, a primary anode chamber including a second electrode therein, and a cation exchange membrane separating the primary cathode chamber from the primary anode chamber. A flow of feed water is split into separate input flows to each of the primary cathode chamber and the primary anode chamber. The pH of the water in the primary anode chamber is reduced by electrolysis. The pH of water in the primary cathode chamber is increased by electrolysis, and cations are removed from the water in the primary cathode chamber by forming scale on the first electrode in the primary cathode chamber. Separate treated water output flows, from each of the primary cathode chamber and primary anode chamber, are combined into a combined conditioned water flow.

Abstract: A wastewater recycling system includes a biological reactor having anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic chambers. A lift station including a pump is operatively connected to the biological reactor. The lift station receives biologically treated liquid from the biological reactor and pumps the liquid from the lift station. A filtration subsystem is operatively connected to the lift station. The filtration subsystem receives and filters the liquid pumped by the lift station. The filtration subsystem includes a salt-rejecting membrane filter comprising a concentrate recirculation conduit operatively connected to recirculate salt-rejecting membrane filter concentrate to a point along the wastewater recycling system upstream of the salt-rejecting membrane filter, thereby forming a salt concentration loop between said point along the wastewater recycling system and the salt-rejecting membrane filter.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for abating scale formation during the purification and demineralization of water in an electrochemical deionization apparatus. In the apparatus and method, scale forming ions in a raw water feed are precipitated at a controlled location remote from the deionization chambers of the deionization apparatus. Concentrate water produced during the deionization process to produce demineralized product water is acidified and circulated through the deionization apparatus to prevent scale formation and build-up in the deionization apparatus.

Abstract: A method for selectively separating and recovering palladium from an aqueous palladium/tin catalyst solution. The method includes the steps of adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to a specified pH range thereby precipitating the tin, and producing a soluble form a palladium. The solution can be either pre-filtered or settled and subsequently processed through ion exchange resin in a conventional manner, or processed in an upflow direction through an at least partially fluidized bed of ion exchange resin to remove and concentrate the palladium for recovery.

Abstract: A method for selectively separating and recovering palladium from an aqueous palladium/tin catalyst solution. The method includes the steps of adjusting the pH of the aqueous solution to a specified pH range thereby precipitating the tin, and producing a soluble form a palladium. The solution can be either pre-filtered or settled and subsequently processed through ion exchange resin in a conventional manner, or processed in an upflow direction through an at least partially fluidized bed of ion exchange resin to remove and concentrate the palladium for recovery.

Abstract: A method of filtering feed liquid including a photoresist substance comprises removing cations from the feed liquid using an ion exchange material. A fine particle filter filters the feed liquid and, in particular, removes dissolved solids from the feed liquid. The material is regenerated with a solution, e.g., a brine solution, which has a pH effective to avoid fouling of at least one of the filter and the ion exchange material. Another embodiment concerns a filtration apparatus including an ion exchange device containing the ion exchange material. A fine particle filtration device removes dissolved solids from the liquid. A device for regenerating the material includes a supply of the regenerating solution.

Abstract: A water treatment system including a plurality of treatment tanks containing a water treatment material and defining a fluid flow path through the material extending between a first tank port and a second tank port. A first remotely controlled three way valve associated with the first tank port controls the fluid communication of a source manifold and a regeneration discharge manifold with the first tank port of each tank. A second, remotely controlled three way valve controls the fluid communication of a product receiving manifold and a regeneration chemistry supply manifold with the second port of each tank. A regeneration control monitors the loading of each tank and initiates regeneration in a given tank when that tank reaches a predetermined exhaustion level.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for selectively recovering ions from an aqueous solution and producing deionized water for reuse. When used in a nickel plating process, a rinse water stream is passed through a first cation removing assembly that contains an ion exchange media having a greater affinity for nickel ions than for most or all other ions present in the system. Rinse water processed by the first cation removing assembly is conveyed to a second cation removing assembly and then to an anion removing assembly so that deionized water is produced and is then returned to a rinse bath. Rinse water is passed through the first ion exchange media until substantially all of the ion exchange sites hold a nickel ion. The other cations in the rinse water are captured by the second cation assembly. The first cation assembly is regenerated using a regeneration solution compatible with the plating bath.

Abstract: A process is provided for plating a composite structure which includes one surface composed of an aluminum base metal and another surface composed of a ferrous base metal with a thin adherent layer of tin or an alloy of tin.