Abstract: In some aspects, the present disclosure provides a lithium metal battery having a negative electrode that comprises a substantially pure lithium metal and a positive electrode that comprises the epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate (?-VOPO4). The lithium metal can have less than five ppm of non-metallic elements by mass. The ?-VOPO4 can be made from solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, and be optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach full theoretical capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material can adopt a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V. The ?-VOPO4 particles may be modified with niobium (Nb) to improve the cycling stability.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high-density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a space group Pna21 VOPO4 lattice, capable of electrochemical insertion and release of alkali metal ions, e.g., sodium ions. The VOPO4 lattice may be formed by solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4, milled with carbon particles to increase conductivity. A method of forming an electrode is provided, comprising milling a mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate; heating the milled mixture to a reaction temperature, and holding the reaction temperature until a solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4 occurs; milling the KVOPO4 together with conductive particles to form a conductive mixture of fine particles; and adding binder material to form a conductive cathode. A sodium ion battery is provided having a conductive NaVOPO4 cathode derived by replacement of potassium in KVOPO4, a sodium ion donor anode, and a sodium ion transport electrolyte. The VOPO4, preferably has a volume greater than 90 ?3 per VOPO4.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a space group Pna21 VOPO4 lattice, capable of electrochemical insertion and release of alkali metal ions, e.g., sodium ions. The VOPO4 lattice may be formed by solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4, milled with carbon particles to increase conductivity. A method of forming an electrode is provided, comprising milling a mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate; heating the milled mixture to a reaction temperature, and holding the reaction temperature until a solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4 occurs; milling the KVOPO4 together with conductive particles to form a conductive mixture of fine particles; and adding binder material to form a conductive cathode. A sodium ion battery is provided having a conductive NaVOPO4 cathode derived by replacement of potassium in KVOPO4, a sodium ion donor anode, and a sodium ion transport electrolyte. The VOPO4, preferably has a volume greater than 90 ?3 per VOPO4.

Abstract: A lithium battery with an improved cathode. The cathode comprises the epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, and optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach full theoretical capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V The ?-VOPO4 particles may be modified with niobium (Nb) to improve the cycling stability.

Abstract: A lithium battery with a cathode fabricated using an improved method for slurry formulation and electrode production. The cathode comprises the epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, and optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach full theoretical capacity with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V. The ?-VOPO4 particles may be modified with niobium (Nb) to improve the cycling stability.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: An electrode comprising a space group Pna21 VOPO4 lattice, capable of electrochemical insertion and release of alkali metal ions, e.g., sodium ions. The VOPO4 lattice may be formed by solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4, milled with carbon particles to increase conductivity. A method of forming an electrode is provided, comprising milling a mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate; heating the milled mixture to a reaction temperature, and holding the reaction temperature until a solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4 occurs; milling the KVOPO4 together with conductive particles to form a conductive mixture of fine particles; and adding binder material to form a conductive cathode. A sodium ion battery is provided having a conductive NaVOPO4 cathode derived by replacement of potassium in KVOPO4, a sodium ion donor anode, and a sodium ion transport electrolyte. The VOPO4, preferably has a volume greater than 90 ?3 per VOPO4.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: An electrode comprising: NaVOPO4 having orthorhombic crystalline symmetry and space group Pna21, as an active intercalation host material, wherein the electrode is capable of electrochemical insertion and release of greater than one sodium ion per vanadium, wherein the NaVOPO4 is formed by a solid phase synthesis process from a heated powdered mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate, to yield KVOPO4 having corner-sharing VO6 octahedra and PO4 tetrahedra, defining two types of tunnels comprising a first type of tunnel formed of rings of two PO4 tetrahedra and a second type of tunnel formed of rings of three PO4 tetrahedra and three VO6 octahedra, followed by substitution of the potassium ions with sodium ions.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: An electrode comprising KVOPO4 as an active ingredient, wherein the electrode is capable of electrochemical insertion and release of alkali metal ions, e.g., sodium ions. The KVOPO4 may be milled to carbon particles to increase conductivity. A method of forming an electrode is provided, comprising milling a mixture of ammonium metavanadate, ammonium phosphate monobasic, and potassium carbonate; heating the milled mixture to a reaction temperature, and holding the reaction temperature until a solid phase synthesis of KVOPO4 occurs; milling the KVOPO4 together with conductive particles to form a conductive mixture of fine particles; and adding binder material to form a conductive cathode. A sodium ion battery is provided having a conductive KVOPO4 cathode, a sodium ion donor anode, and a sodium ion transport electrolyte. The VOPO4, preferably has a volume greater than 90 ?3 per VOPO4.

Abstract: A positive electrode comprising ?-VOPO4 and/or Nax(?-VOPO4) wherein x is a value from 0.1 to 1.0 as an active ingredient, wherein the electrode is capable of insertion and release of sodium ions and a reversible sodium battery containing the positive electrode are provided.

Abstract: A positive electrode comprising ?-VOPO4 and/or Nax(?-VOPO4) wherein x is a value from 0.1 to 1.0 as an active ingredient, wherein the electrode is capable of insertion and release of sodium ions and a reversible sodium battery containing the positive electrode are provided.

Abstract: An improved lithium secondary battery using a novel layered titanium phosphate having the formula of TiO(OH)(H.sub.2 PO.sub.4), or LTP, as anode material, and LiCoO.sub.2, LiNiO.sub.2, or other appropriate material, as cathode. A stable operating voltage of 3-volt can be obtained from the resultant lithium secondary battery. The layered titanium phosphate is prepared by first reacting a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (N(CH.sub.3).sub.4 OH) solution containing orthophosphoric acid with titanium dioxide in a low temperature hydrothermal reaction to form a tetramethylammonium form of layered titanium phosphate, or NMe.sub.4 TP, which serves as the precursor of LTP. The precursor NMe.sub.4 TP is then placed in a concentrated hydrochloric acid at room temperature to obtain a high purity LTP via a cation exchange reaction. Each of the Li.sub.

Abstract: A process for preparing W, Mo or mixed metal oxides thereof by oxidizing a reduced metal oxide of the formula (NH.sub.m R.sub.4-m).sub.q.sup.+ MO.sub.p where each R is independently C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 aliphatic, C.sub.7 -C.sub.14 araliphatic or C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 cycloaliphatic with the proviso that adjacent R's, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, may form a 5, 6 or 7 membered heterocyclic ring, m is an integer from 0 to 4, q is a number from about 0.001 to 1/3, M is W or Mo and p is a number from 2 to 3 with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The so-treated reduced metal oxide is isolated and heated in an oxygen containing atmosphere to form metal oxides of the formula MO.sub.p.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of making a cathode, comprising:(a) forming cathode structure of a predetermined shape with a mixture comprising:(i) about 50 to about 100% by weight of one or more ammonium metal chalcogen compounds and complexes, wherein said metal is selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W, and wherein said chalcogen is selected from the group consisting of O, S, and Se; and(ii) about 50 to about 0% by weight of a binder; and(b) thermally decomposing and thereby activating said cathode structure at a temperature of about 200.degree. to about 500.degree. C. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.