Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for a Functional Contact Lens (FCL) for detecting at least one target analyte. The FCL may comprise a substrate for supporting electronic components and providing structural support for the functional contact lens; at least one sensing element disposed on the substrate for sensing the at least one target analyte and undergoing a physical change representing a sensed signal; and an antenna disposed on the substrate for transmitting the sensed signal to an external device, the antenna being coupled to the at least one sensing element.

Abstract: Various embodiments are described herein for artificial sensors that have prolonged life-span and stability in harsh environments compared to sensors which use natural enzymes which easily denature under varying conditions. These sensors may be composed of novel nanostructures, and may be artificial sensors or artificial non-enzymatic sensors. In some embodiments, an artificial sensor may include a modulating and/or a cleansing electrode 4-electrode system.