Abstract: A photo-voltaic element comprising a stack of layers is disclosed, as well as a method of making the photo-voltaic element. The stack of layers at least includes the following: a first electrode layer, a first charge carrier transport layer, an insulating layer, a second electrode layer, a second charge carrier transport layer, and a photo-electric conversion layer. The photo-electric conversion layer comprises a plurality of distributed extensions extending through the second charge carrier transport layer, the second electrode layer, and the insulating layer, to the first charge carrier transport layer. The distributed extensions have an effective cross-section Deff in the range of 0.5 to 10 micron, and have an average pitch in the range of 1.1 to 5 times said effective cross-section.

Abstract: A photo-voltaic element (1) comprising a stack of layers is provided. The stack of layers at least includes the following layers arranged in the order named: a first electrode layer, a first charge carrier transport layer, an insulating layer, a second electrode layer, a second charge carrier transport layer, and a photo-electric conversion layer. The photo-electric conversion layer (70), comprises a plurality of distributed extensions (72) extending through the second charge carrier transport layer (60), the second electrode layer (50) and the insulating layer (40) to the first charge carrier transport layer (30). The extensions (72) have an effective cross-section Deff in the range of 0.5 to 10 micron, and have an average pitch in the range of 1.1 to 5 times said effective cross-section.