Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus, systems, and methods for objectively assessing accommodation in an eye. For example, a method for objectively assessing accommodation can comprise displaying, at a far display, a stimulus target for a first duration and displaying, at a near display, the stimulus target for a second duration. The stimulus target displayed at the near display can be projected onto a first beam splitter positioned at an oblique angle with respect to the near display. The stimulus target displayed on the far display can be axially aligned with the stimulus target projected onto the first beam splitter. The method can also comprise obtaining, at a controller, measurements concerning refractive states of the eye during the first duration and the second duration from a refractor device in communication with the controller and determining, using the controller, an accommodative response of the eye based in part on the respective refractive states.

Abstract: A biodegradable scaffold, a low-molecular weight thioketal, and a method of forming a biodegradable scaffold are provided. The biodegradable scaffold includes a thioketal and an isocyanate, where the thioketal is linked to the isocyanate to form the scaffold. The low-molecular weight thioketal includes 2,2-dimethoxypropane and thioglycolic acid, wherein the thioketal includes at least two hydroxyl terminal groups. The method of forming the biodegradable scaffold includes blending a thioketal with an excess isocyanate, forming a quasi-prepolymer, mixing the thioketal, the quasi-prepolymer, and a ceramic, and then adding a catalyst to form the biodegradable scaffold. The thioketal is a low-molecular weight thioketal having at least two hydroxyl terminal groups.