Abstract: The present disclosure provides methods and systems directed to urine-based detection of urologic conditions. A method for identifying or monitoring a urologic condition of a subject may comprise processing a cell-free biological sample obtained or derived from the subject to generate a dataset indicative of a presence, absence, or relative assessment of the urologic condition; using a trained algorithm to process the dataset to determine a quantitative measure indicative of the presence, absence, or relative assessment of the urologic condition; based at least in part on the quantitative measure, identifying or providing an indication of the urologic condition with (i) a sensitivity of at least about 90%, (ii) a specificity of at least about 90%, (iii) a positive predictive value of at least about 90%, or (iv) a negative predictive value of at least about 90%; and electronically outputting a report that provides an indication of the urologic condition.