Abstract: A formulation and method of making and using that neutralizes the adverse health effects of both chemical and biological toxants, especially chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The aqueous formulation is non-toxic and non-corrosive and can be delivered as a long-lasting foam, spray, or fog. The formulation includes solubilizing compounds that serve to effectively render the CW or BW toxant susceptible to attack, so that a nucleophillic agent can attack the compound via a hydrolysis or oxidation reaction. The formulation can kill up to 99.99999% of bacterial spores within one hour of exposure.

Abstract: A formulation and method of making that neutralizes the adverse health effects of both chemical and biological compounds, especially chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The formulation of the present invention non-toxic and non-corrosive and can be delivered by a variety of means and in different phases. The formulation provides solubilizing compounds that serve to effectively render the chemical and biological compounds, particularly CW and BW compounds, susceptible to attack and at least one reactive compound that serves to attack (and detoxify or kill) the compound. The at least one reactive compound can be an oxidizing compound, a nucleophilic compound or a mixture of both. The formulation can kill up to 99.99999% of bacterial spores within one hour of exposure.

Abstract: A formulation and method of making and using that neutralizes the adverse health effects of both chemical and biological toxants, especially chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents. The aqueous formulation is non-toxic and non-corrosive and can be delivered as a long-lasting foam, spray, or fog. The formulation includes solubilizing compounds that serve to effectively render the CW or BW toxant susceptible to attack, so that a nucleophillic agent can attack the compound via a hydrolysis or oxidation reaction. The formulation can kill up to 99.99999% of bacterial spores within one hour of exposure.

Abstract: A method for rendering nondetonble energetic materials, such as are contained in or removed from decommissioned ordnance. The energetic materials are either combined with epoxy hardener or are combined with other compounds, preferably amine compounds, to form a substance that functions as an epoxy hardener. According to the invention, energetic materials (including TNT, RDX and Composition B) that are treated according to the invention method yield a reaction product that is non-explosive, that serves to harden or cure conventional epoxy resin to form a stable, nonexplosive waste product. Epoxy hardener made using the method of the invention is also described.

Abstract: An optical memory material includes a two-photon storage component which can be written from a first to a second state in response to WRITE light, mixed with a signal component which fluoresces by one-photon absorption only at the written locations in response to READ light. The storage material may be a fulgide. The memory material may also include a frequency upconversion material to aid writing. Writing is performed by a spatial light modulator (SLM) with a dynamic focussing system, for concentrating sufficient power at WRITE locations for nonlinear two-photon absorption. Crosstalk is avoided during simultaneous writing in some embodiments, by spacing the individual WRITE beams apart by an integer number of inter-beam spacings, so that non-adjacent datels are written simultaneously in a "paragraph," and the non-written areas are written at a different time with different paragraphs.

Abstract: An optical memory material includes a two-photon storage component which can be written from a first to a second state in response to WRITE light, mixed with a signal component which fluoresces by one-photon absorption only at the written locations in response to READ light. The storage material may be a fulgide. The memory material may also include a frequency upconversion material to aid writing. Writing is performed by a spatial light modulator (SLM) with a dynamic focussing system, for concentrating sufficient power at WRITE locations for nonlinear two-photon absorption. Crosstalk is avoided during simultaneous writing in some embodiments, by spacing the individual WRITE beams apart by an integer number of inter-beam spacings, so that non-adjacent datels are written simultaneously in a "paragraph," and the non-written areas are written at a different time with different paragraphs.

Abstract: An improved working electrode for use in display devices is disclosed. The working electrode comprises a transparent metal grid having a coating of metal oxide thereon. Suitable metal grids include Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Pt, Ni and Zn, while suitable metal oxide coatings include In.sub.2 O.sub.3, SnO.sub.2 and indium tin oxide (ITO). The display devices preferably include an electrochromic material comprising an aqueous solution of an electrochemically depositable metal. Display devices in which the present working electrode is used possess favorable characteristics such as rapid response times, wide dynamic range, high transmittance and improved uniformity. The devices are particularly suitable for large surface area applications.

Abstract: Smut may be removed from the surface of aluminum or aluminum alloys by a deoxidizer comprising nitric acid, a halate salt, and, optionally, an activator.

Abstract: It has been found that hydration of aluminum oxide surface coatings to aluminum hydroxide may be curtailed by the presence of corrosion inhibiting amounts of amino phosphonate compounds. Effective inhibitors, such as nitrilotris (methylene) triphosphonic acid, may be applied to aluminum substrates having aluminum oxide surfaces thereupon in concentrations of less than 50% by weight in aqueous solution, and suitably from 1 to about 500 ppm.

Abstract: In the process of removing oxides of sulfur from gases, comprising the step of contacting, at 2.degree.-100.degree. C., components comprising water, calcium ions, and sulfite ions or bisulfite ions to form a sludge, the improvement comprising contacting said components in the presence of dissolved Graham's salt or a dissolved polymer of the formula M.sub.x P.sub.n O.sub.(3n+1) to form a sludge having improved properties, wherein M is a cation, n is a positive integer greater than 1, x is (n+2)/y, and y is the valence of M. Resulting sludge and new composition of matter, comprising lime or limestone mixed with Graham's salt or M.sub.x P.sub.n O.sub.(3n+1), which is useful in performing the process, are also disclosed.