Abstract: Various embodiments of the invention utilize chalcones to treat blood, bleeding, and/or bleeding disorders. As described herein, chalcones significantly reduce blood clotting time in normal/hemophilic blood and normal/hemophilic animal models. As also described herein, chalcones reduce blood clotting time and increase blood clotting efficiency without any apparent risk of immunogenicity or unwanted blood clots. As also described herein, chalcones reduce the inhibitory activity of antithrombin on thrombin-driven blood clotting, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the thrombin mechanism in clotting blood.

Abstract: Various implementations of the invention comprise a surface or film having a plurality of three-dimensional structures embodied on or within the surface or film, each of the three-dimensional structures having a reflecting surface configured to retro-reflect radiation from a radiation source back to a detector located at the radiation source.

Abstract: Various implementations of the invention comprise a surface or film having a plurality of three-dimensional structures embodied on or within the surface or film, each of the three-dimensional structures having a reflecting surface configured to retro-reflect radiation from a radiation source back to a detector located at the radiation source.

Abstract: Various implementations of the invention comprise a surface or film having a plurality of three-dimensional structures embodied on or within the surface or film, each of the three-dimensional structures having a reflecting surface configured to retro-reflect radiation from a radiation source back to a detector located at the radiation source.

Abstract: Various implementations of the invention comprise a surface or film having a plurality of three-dimensional structures embodied on or within the surface or film, each of the three-dimensional structures having a reflecting surface configured to retro-reflect radiation from a radiation source back to a detector located at the radiation source.

Abstract: Described herein are processes and apparatuses for preparation and optimization of photovoltaic films and film stacks with application of electrical pulses. The process achieves high photovoltaic efficiency upon application of conditioning electrical pulses to the stack or layers of deposited photovoltaic films. This may be done at manufacture, or in the field at certain time intervals. The films of photovoltaic devices may be optimized by application of programmed voltage pulses. Furthermore, it is possible to deliver larger portion of energy from the pulse to a particular layer of a multi-stack film by rendering one or more layers of the film relatively more conductive using exposure to selected narrow wavelength of light corresponding to the band gap of the particular layer.