Abstract: A solar cell includes a first electrode, a first electron transport layer, a second electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode. The photoelectric conversion layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electron transport layer is disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer and the first electrode. The second electron transport layer is disposed between the first electron transport layer and the first electrode. The first electron transport layer includes carbon and a porous electron transport material.

Abstract: A solar cell of the present disclosure includes: a photoelectric conversion element; and an exterior body surrounding the entire photoelectric conversion element. The photoelectric conversion element includes a perovskite compound. The exterior body includes a first sealing portion and a second sealing portion. The first sealing portion includes a water vapor concentration adjusting material. The first sealing portion has a first exposed surface exposed to an outside of the exterior body and a second exposed surface exposed to an inside of the exterior body, and is continuous between the first exposed surface and the second exposed surface. The second sealing portion includes a material having a water vapor permeability coefficient lower than that of the water vapor concentration adjusting material.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion film having a high light absorption ability and a long carrier life. A photoelectric conversion film of the present disclosure includes a perovskite compound including a monovalent formamidinium cation, a Pb cation and an iodide ion. The film thickness of the photoelectric conversion film is greater than or equal to 1 ?m. In the photoelectric conversion film, the ratio of root mean square roughness Rq to the film thickness is less than or equal to 0.13.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an actuator device having a large ratio of contraction ratio to initial tension. The actuator device according to the present disclosure comprises an actuator band and a control device. The actuator band is formed by braiding, knitting, or weaving a plurality of actuator single wires. The plurality of the actuator single wires each comprise an actuator wire and a mesh-shaped heating element which covers a side surface of the actuator wire. The actuator wire is formed of a polymer fiber. The fiber is twisted around the long axis thereof and folded so as to have a cylindrical coil shape. The control device is configured to supply electric power for heating the mesh-shaped heating element. The actuator band is heated to be contracted along the longitudinal direction thereof.

Abstract: A semiconductor material of the present disclosure is represented by formula (I) below, in which R1, R2, and R3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R4 represents an aryl group, an amino group, a hydroxy group, or an alkoxy group, and n represents an integer greater than or equal to 2; and a photoelectric conversion element of the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode in this order, in which the hole transport layer includes the semiconductor material of the present disclosure:

Abstract: A solar cell according to the present disclosure includes a support, a photoelectric conversion element, and a sealing member. The photoelectric conversion element is in a sealed space defined by the support and the sealing member. The photoelectric conversion element includes, in this order, a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode. An oxygen concentration in the sealed space is less than 10 ppm in terms of volume fraction, and a water vapor concentration in the sealed space is greater than or equal to 100 ppm and less than or equal to 5000 ppm in terms of volume fraction.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Abstract: A solar cell includes a first electrode, a first electron transport layer, a second electron transport layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode. The first electron transport layer includes carbon and a porous electron transport material.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, a carrier transport layer, such as a hole transport layer 5, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 4. The first photoelectric conversion layer is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The coating layer 4 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure.

Abstract: A solar cell 100 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 6, an electron transport layer 2, a first photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a coating layer 5. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 is disposed between the first electrode 6 and the substrate 1. The substrate 1 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the second main surface has an uneven structure. The electron transport layer 2 has a first main surface and a second main surface, and the first main surface and the second main surface each have an uneven structure. The first photoelectric conversion layer 3 has a first main surface and a second main surface. The second main surface of the substrate 1 faces the first main surface of the electron transport layer 2.

Abstract: A photoelectric conversion film according to the present disclosure includes a perovskite compound including a monovalent formamidinium cation, a Pb cation and an iodide ion, and a substance having Hansen solubility parameters satisfying a dispersion term ?D of 20±0.5 MPa0.5, a polar term ?P of 18±1 MPa0.5 and a hydrogen bonding term ?H of 11±2 MPa0.5.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a photoelectric conversion film having a high light absorption ability and a long carrier life. A photoelectric conversion film of the present disclosure includes a perovskite compound including a monovalent formamidinium cation, a Pb cation and an iodide ion. The film thickness of the photoelectric conversion film is greater than or equal to 1 ?m. In the photoelectric conversion film, the ratio of root mean square roughness Rq to the film thickness is less than or equal to 0.13.

Abstract: In order to stably operate an actuator device in repeated operations with suppression of an increase in a resistance value of a heating wire, the actuator band according to the present disclosure comprises a plurality of actuator wires and a plurality of heating wires. Each of the plurality of the actuator wires is formed of a fiber which consists of a polymer. The fiber is twisted along the long axis thereof and folded so as to have a cylindrical coil shape. Each of the plurality of the actuator wires is contracted by heat and restored by release of the heat. A braided fabric is formed with the plurality of the actuator wires arranged in a planer shape and the plurality of the heating wires. A first end of each of the plurality of heating wires is connected to a first end of each of the plurality of the actuator wires. A second end of each of the plurality of the heating wires is connected to a second end of each of the plurality of the actuator wires.

Abstract: In order to stably operate an actuator device in repeated operations with suppression of an increase in a resistance value of a heating wire, the actuator band according to the present disclosure comprises a plurality of actuator wires and a plurality of heating wires. Each of the plurality of the actuator wires is formed of a fiber which consists of a polymer. The fiber is twisted along the long axis thereof and folded so as to have a cylindrical coil shape. Each of the plurality of the actuator wires is contracted by heat and restored by release of the heat. A braided fabric is formed with the plurality of the actuator wires arranged in a planer shape and the plurality of the heating wires. A first end of each of the plurality of heating wires is connected to a first end of each of the plurality of the actuator wires. A second end of each of the plurality of the heating wires is connected to a second end of each of the plurality of the actuator wires.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an actuator device having a large ratio of contraction ratio to initial tension. The actuator device according to the present disclosure comprises an actuator band and a control device. The actuator band is formed by braiding, knitting, or weaving a plurality of actuator single wires. The plurality of the actuator single wires each comprise an actuator wire and a mesh-shaped heating element which covers a side surface of the actuator wire. The actuator wire is formed of a polymer fiber. The fiber is twisted around the long axis thereof and folded so as to have a cylindrical coil shape. The control device is configured to supply electric power for heating the mesh-shaped heating element. The actuator band is heated to be contracted along the longitudinal direction thereof.

Abstract: An actuator device comprises an actuator wire, a net-shaped heating element which covers a side surface of the actuator wire and comprises heating wires, and a controller for supplying electric power to the net-shaped heating element to heat the net-shaped heating element. The actuator wire is contracted by application of heat and restored by release of the heat. The side surface of the actuator wire is formed of a polymer. One end of the net-shaped heating element is connected to an end of the actuator wire. Another end of the net-shaped heating element is connected to another end of the actuator wire. Each of the heating wires comprises an insulative first elastic yarn and a metal wire. The metal wire are helically wound onto the first elastic yarn. When the net-shaped heating element is not heated, the net-shaped heating element is in contact with the side surface of the actuator wire.

Abstract: An actuator device comprises an actuator wire, a net-shaped heating element which covers a side surface of the actuator wire and comprises heating wires, and a controller for supplying electric power to the net-shaped heating element to heat the net-shaped heating element. The actuator wire is contracted by application of heat and restored by release of the heat. The side surface of the actuator wire is formed of a polymer. One end of the net-shaped heating element is connected to an end of the actuator wire. Another end of the net-shaped heating element is connected to another end of the actuator wire. Each of the heating wires comprises an insulative first elastic yarn and a metal wire. The metal wire are helically wound onto the first elastic yarn. When the net-shaped heating element is not heated, the net-shaped heating element is in contact with the side surface of the actuator wire.

Abstract: The present invention provides an actuator device comprising an actuator wire; a net-shaped electric heating element which covers a side surface of the actuator wire and comprises heating wires; and a controller for supplying electric power to the net-shaped electric heating element to heat the net-shaped electric heating element. The actuator wire is capable of being contracted by application of heat and restored by release of heat. The side surface of the actuator wire is formed of polymer. One end and the other end of the net-shaped electric heating element is connected to one end and the other end of the actuator wire, respectively. The net-shaped electric heating element is in contact with the side surface of the actuator wire, when the net-shaped electric heating element is not heated. The net-shaped electric heating element is moved outward from the side surface of the actuator wire due to contraction of the actuator wire, when the net-shaped electric heating element is heated.

Abstract: The present invention provides an actuator, comprising a fiber and a temperature regulator capable of at least one of heating and cooling the fiber. The fiber is twisted around a longitudinal axis thereof. The fiber is folded so as to have a shape of a cylindrical coil. The fiber is formed of linear low-density polyethylene. The following mathematical formula (I) is satisfied: D/d<1 (I), where D represents a mean diameter of the cylindrical coil; and d represents a diameter of the fiber.