Abstract: An endless metallic belt formed of a nickel alloy which contains at least one element selected from the first group of elements consisting of phosphorus, boron, silicon, germanium, selenium, antimony, tellurium, bismuth and astatine, and, in an X-ray diffraction pattern of which, half widths of X-ray diffraction peaks of the (111) crystal plane and (200) crystal plane are both from 0.5° to 2.5°.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a first belt contactable to an image on a recording material to heat the image; a second belt for forming a nip with the first belt; a first pressing pad for pressing the first belt in the nip; a second pressing pad for pressing the second belt toward the first pressing pad, wherein the first pressing pad has a surface roughness Rz of not more than 20 ?m, and the second pressing pad has a surface roughness Rz of 50-300 ?m.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a rotatable heating member configured to heat an image on a recording medium at a nip, driving means configured to drive the heating member, an endless belt configured to form the nip with the heating member, and a driving roller configured to drive the endless belt. In the image heating apparatus, the following expressions are satisfied: ?2<?1 0.005<?2<0.3 V1<V2 where ?2 is a friction coefficient between the endless belt and the driving roller, ?1 is a friction coefficient between the heating member and the endless belt, V1 is a peripheral speed of the heating member, and V2 is a peripheral speed of the driving roller.

Abstract: An endless metallic belt formed of a nickel alloy which contains at least one element selected from the first group of elements consisting of phosphorus, boron, silicon, germanium, selenium, antimony, tellurium, bismuth and astatine, and, in an X-ray diffraction pattern of which, half widths of X-ray diffraction peaks of the (111) crystal plane and (200) crystal plane are both from 0.5° to 2.5°.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a rotatable heating member configured to heat an image on a recording medium at a nip, driving means configured to drive the heating member, an endless belt configured to form the nip with the heating member, and a driving roller configured to drive the endless belt. In the image heating apparatus, the following expressions are satisfied: ?2<?1 0.005<?2<0.3 V1<V2 where ?2 is a friction coefficient between the endless belt and the driving roller, ?1 is a friction coefficient between the heating member and the endless belt, V1 is a peripheral speed of the heating member, and V2 is a peripheral speed of the driving roller.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a first belt contactable to an image on a recording material to heat the image; a second belt for forming a nip with the first belt; a first pressing pad for pressing the first belt in the nip; a second pressing pad for pressing the second belt toward the first pressing pad, wherein the first pressing pad has a surface roughness Rz of not more than 20 ?m, and the second pressing pad has a surface roughness Rz of 50-300 ?m.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus forms an electrostatic latent image corresponding to an image information signal on an image carrying member, develops the electrostatic latent image using a two component developer of toner particles and carrier particles and transfers the unfixed image to a transfer medium. A fixer is provided with at least a fixing roller and a press roller which nips and delivers the transfer medium to fix the unfixed image. The carrier particles contain a binder resin and magnetic metal oxide and have shape factors SF-1 of 100 to 150 and SF-2 of 100 to 150. The fixing roller has an elastic layer and a release layer of a fluorine resin having an Asker-C hardness between 60° and 85° at the time of application of a 1 kg load.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has image forming means for forming an electrostatic latent image corresponding to an image information signal on an image carrying member, forming an unfixed image by developing said electrostatic latent image using a two component developer consisting of toner particles and carrier particles and transferring the unfixed image to a transfer medium; and fixing means, provided with at least a fixing roller and a press roller, for nipping and deliverying the transfer medium with these rollers to fix the unfixed image. The carrier particles contain at least binder resin and magnetic metal oxide and have shape factors SF-1 of 100 to 150 and SF-2 of 100 to 150, and the fixing roller has an elastic layer and a release layer consisting of fluorine resin, with its Asker-C hardness ranging between 60° and 85° at the time of application of a load of 1 kg.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording material includes an image bearing member, a heater for heating the image bearing member, and a control device for controlling the heater so that a temperature of the image bearing member is maintained at a set temperature, wherein the set temperature when images are formed on both faces of a recording material is set to be lower than the set temperature when an image is formed on one face of a recording material.

Abstract: A fixing roller and a fixing device including the fixing roller are disclosed. The fixing roller is provided with a base member and an offset prevention layer containing a hollow double shell conductive substance including a hollow inner shell and an outer shell. The offset prevention layer is subject to burning treatment after the surface is smoothed.

Abstract: A fixing device has a pair of rollers which are pressed against to each other to form a nip therebetween. A recording medium which carries a non-fixed image is clamped and conveyed by the nip to perform fixing. At least one of the pair of rollers has a mixture layer prepared by mixing a perfluoroelastomer having rubber elasticity and a fluorine resin.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for forming a toner image on a recording material applies a bias voltage having the same polarity as the toner to a core bar of a fixing roller. A fixing entrance guide is provided so that the recording material approaches or contacts the fixing roller when the recording material enters a contact-pressure region formed by the fixing roller and a pressing roller. Thus, offset of toner to the fixing roller is prevented.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cleaning apparatus comprising a cleaning rotary member arranged to be pressed against a movable image bearing member, for removing residual toner on the image bearing member. Cleaning rotary member has a first elastic layer as an outer layer, and a second elastic layer disposed inside of the first elastic layer. Second elastic layer has a volume resistance smaller than that of the first elastic layer. The present invention further provides a cleaning roller comprising a core metal, a conductive layer disposed on the core metal and an insulation layer disposed on the conductive layer.