Abstract: A substrate holding apparatus which can adjust polishing profile precisely is disclosed. The substrate holding apparatus includes an elastic membrane that forms a plurality of pressure chambers for pressing a substrate, and a head body to which the elastic membrane is coupled. The elastic membrane includes a contact portion to be brought into contact with the substrate for pressing the substrate against a polishing pad, an edge circumferential wall extending upwardly from a peripheral edge of the contact portion, and a plurality of inner circumferential walls arranged radially inwardly of the edge circumferential wall and extending upwardly from the contact portion. At least two adjacent inner circumferential walls of the plurality of inner circumferential walls include slope circumferential walls inclined radially inwardly. The slope circumferential walls are inclined radially inwardly in their entirety from their lower ends to upper ends, and extend upwardly.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide, as fat for non-tempered chocolate, a fat composition which can contain less trans fats and more cacao materials such as cocoa butter and cocoa mass, and has good melting and snapping properties. The present invention is accomplished on the basis of a finding that a transesterified fat having a specific fatty acid composition is effective against the problem as well as knowledge that a combination of the fat composition with a specific emulsifier is effective for the problem. The present invention provides fat for chocolate and chocolate which has a strong chocolate flavor and good melting and snapping properties such that health risks linked to trans fats can be avoided.