Abstract: A rectangular electrical pulse enters a transmission line structure with single pass transit time equal to ½ the duration of the pulse, open circuit at the extreme end and a switch at its center. After a delay equal to ¾ of the rectangular pulse duration the central switch is closed to couple the contents of the transmission line structure into another transmission line of half impedance. The output pulse maintains the initial voltage, but is of half the initial duration, and double the initial power.

Abstract: A rectangular electrical pulse enters a transmission line structure with single pass transit time equal to ½ the duration of the pulse, open circuit at the extreme end and a switch at its center. After a delay equal to ¾ of the rectangular pulse duration the central switch is closed to couple the contents of the transmission line structure into another transmission line of half impedance. The output pulse maintains the initial voltage, but is of half the initial duration, and double the initial power.

Abstract: An argon fluoride (ArF) laser system for inertial nuclear fusion energy production with lower required laser energy than other laser drivers. An Argon fluoride laser system uniformly illuminates a spherical capsule comprising an outer ablator wall surrounding an inner shell comprising the fusion fuel. The laser beams are adjusted spectrally to achieve a bandwidth of up to 12 THz and a coherence time as low as 80 femtoseconds that in combination with the short wavelength (193 nm) suppress laser plasma instabilities. Uniform spherical acceleration causes the inner shell of the target capsule to form a spherical assembly of compressed fuel surrounding a “hot spot” that has sufficient temperature, density and size to ignite and initiate a thermonuclear burn.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low-temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a mirror magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to axial motion. Plasma overflows axially at each end of the mirror into magnetic cusps and is conducted by radial magnetic field lines to annular beam dumps disposed around the waist of each cusp.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a symmetrical cusp magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to radial motion. Plasma overflows in a full range of radial directions and is conducted within a cone-shaped sheet to an annular beam dump.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a symmetrical cusp magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to radial motion. Plasma overflows in a full range of radial directions and is conducted within a cone-shaped sheet to an annular beam dump.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low-temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a mirror magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to axial motion. Plasma overflows axially at each end of the mirror into magnetic cusps and is conducted by radial magnetic field lines to annular beam dumps disposed around the waist of each cusp.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a symmetrical cusp magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to radial motion. Plasma overflows in a full range of radial directions and is conducted by radial field lines to a large area annular array of beam dumps.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a symmetrical cusp magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to radial motion. Plasma overflows in a full range of radial directions and is conducted by radial field lines to a large area annular array of beam dumps.

Abstract: A laser-produced plasma extreme ultraviolet source has a buffer gas to slow ions down and thermalize them in a low temperature plasma. The plasma is initially trapped in a symmetrical cusp magnetic field configuration with a low magnetic field barrier to radial motion. Plasma overflows in a full range of radial directions and is conducted by radial field lines to a large area annular array of beam dumps.

Abstract: A plasma pinch extreme ultraviolet source using lithium vapor requires surrounding surfaces that are heated or cooled in order to evaporate the desired quantity of lithium, typically setting the vapor pressure of lithium at a pressure of a few torr. Two distinct surfaces within the whole set are designated as the electrodes that emit and receive the high current of the plasma pinch. A method is described whereby the temperature of these designated electrode surfaces is manipulated in order to condense lithium and provide a liquid metal protective layer to absorb both plasma and extreme ultraviolet heat thereby controlling electrode erosion. A further method is described that provides a protective flow of liquid lithium exactly on the axis of the pair of discharge electrodes.

Abstract: The successful use of lithium vapor in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source depends upon an intense localized heat source at the center of conical structures that evaporate, condense and re-supply liquid lithium. Induction heating of a hollow structure with toroidal topology via an internal helical field coil, can supply intense heat at its innermost radius. The resulting slim radio frequency heated structure has high optical transmission from a central EUV producing plasma to collection mirrors outside of the structure, improving EUV source efficiency and reliability.

Abstract: The succesful use of lithium vapor in an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source depends upon an intense localized heat source at the center of conical structures that evaporate, condense and re-supply liquid lithium. Induction heating of a hollow structure with toroidal topology via an internal helical field coil, can supply intense heat at its innermost radius. The resulting slim radio frequency heated structure has high optical transmission from a central EUV producing plasma to collection mirrors outside of the structure, improving EUV source efficiency and reliability.

Abstract: A magnetically shielded, efficient plasma generation configuration for a pulsed discharge extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source comprises two opposed convex electrodes mounted with axes parallel to a static magnetic field. A limiter aperture disposed between the electrodes, in conjunction with the field lines, defines a hollow plasma cylinder connecting the electrodes. A high pulsed voltage and current compresses the plasma cylinder and its interior magnetic field onto the electrode surfaces to create a magnetic insulating layer at the same time as propelling the working gas from each side toward the space between the electrode tips. The plasma then collapses radially in a three-dimensional compression to form a dense plasma on the axis of the device with radiation of extreme ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A self-magnetically confined lithium plasma which also may have an applied axial magnetic field is irradiated at sub-critical density by a carbon dioxide laser to generate extreme ultraviolet photons at the wavelength of 13.5 nm with high efficiency, high power and small source size.

Abstract: A magnetically shielded, efficient plasma generation configuration for a pulsed discharge extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source comprises two opposed convex electrodes mounted with axes parallel to a static magnetic field. A limiter aperture disposed between the electrodes, in conjunction with the field lines, defines a hollow plasma cylinder connecting the electrodes. A high pulsed voltage and current compresses the plasma cylinder and its interior magnetic field onto the electrode surfaces to create a magnetic insulating layer at the same time as propelling the working gas from each side toward the space between the electrode tips. The plasma then collapses radially in a three-dimensional compression to form a dense plasma on the axis of the device with radiation of extreme ultraviolet light.

Abstract: A configuration of two opposed electrodes with conical depressions and symmetry around an axis along which there is an applied steady magnetic field, is supplied with a pulsed voltage and current to create an azimuthally very uniform pre-ionization cylinder of a working gas as a precursor to stable and accurate compression of the working gas into a Z-pinch plasma photon source or plasma target for laser-pumped photon sources. A further compound hollow electrode configuration permits the generation of a cool, dense, core plasma surrounded and compressed by a hot liner plasma. Modulation of the radial density profile within this core can provide optical guiding for a laser-pumped recombination laser.

Abstract: Small, high velocity liquid metal droplets are produced for applications that require the accurate and remote placement of small quantities of a metal. The magnetic pressure of current flowing through liquid metal is used to force small quantities of liquid metal through an orifice. Examples of applications are to feed metal fuel into plasma extreme ultraviolet sources, and to place solder bumps on an integrated circuit prior to the attachment of connections.

Abstract: A self-magnetically confined lithium plasma that has an applied axial magnetic field is irradiated at sub-critical density by a perpendicularly oriented carbon dioxide laser to generate extreme ultraviolet photons at the wavelength of 13.5 nm with high efficiency, high power and small source size. Lithium reflux is facilitated by ionization, electric field induced drift toward, and capture on surfaces intersected perpendicularly by the applied axial magnetic field.

Abstract: A self-magnetically confined lithium plasma which also may have an applied axial magnetic field is irradiated at sub-critical density by a carbon dioxide laser to generate extreme ultraviolet photons at the wavelength of 13.5 nm with high efficiency, high power and small source size.