Abstract: For imaging, an electromagnetic radiation sensor is used to produce an output when illuminated by a modulated laser light. In use, the output is determined by a laser Doppler signal illuminating the sensor. Various examples are described for achieving integration of on-chip processing onto the substrate providing the sensor. In one example, the output of the sensor is a logarithmic function of the illuminating laser Doppler signal. In another example, the output of the sensor is normalized. In another example, an amplifier arrangement is provided to amplify the output of the sensor, the amplifier gain being lower at DC than at the frequency range of the laser Doppler signal. In another example, a filter is integrated into the semiconductor device. In another example, a bandpass filter and frequency weighted filter are provided, and their outputs are processed to average values over time.