Abstract: A method for preparing olefins and halogenated olefins is provided comprising contacting halogenated compounds with diamonds for a sufficient time and at a sufficient temperature to convert the halogenated compounds to olefins and halogenated olefins via elimination reactions.

Abstract: A method for preparing an acid catalyst having a long shelf-life is provided comprising doping crystalline iron oxides with lattice-compatible metals and heating the now-doped oxide with halogen compounds at elevated temperatures. The invention also provides for a catalyst comprising an iron oxide particle having a predetermined lattice structure, one or more metal dopants for said iron oxide, said dopants having an ionic radius compatible with said lattice structure; and a halogen bound with the iron and the metal dopants on the surface of the particle.

Abstract: A method for producing catalysts from coal is provided comprising mixing an aqueous alkali solution with the coal, heating the aqueous mixture to treat the coal, drying the now-heated aqueous mixture, reheating the mixture to form carbonized material, cooling the mixture, removing excess alkali from the carbonized material, and recovering the carbonized material, wherein the entire process is carried out in controlled atmospheres, and the carbonized material is a hydrocracking or hydrodehalogenation catalyst for liquid phase reactions. The invention also provides for a one-step method for producing catalysts from coal comprising mixing an aqueous alkali solution with the coal to create a mixture, heating the aqueous mixture from an ambient temperature to a predetermined temperature at a predetermined rate, cooling the mixture, and washing the mixture to remove excess alkali from the treated and carbonized material, wherein the entire process is carried out in a controlled atmosphere.

Abstract: A method for dehalogenating halogenated polyaromatic compounds is provided wherein the polyaromatic compounds are mixed with a hydrogen donor solvent and a carbon catalyst in predetermined proportions, the mixture is maintained at a predetermined pressure, and the mixture is heated to a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined time.

Abstract: A method of preparing a fine particle iron based hydrocracking catalyst and the catalyst prepared thereby. An iron (III) oxide powder and elemental sulfur are reacted with a liquid hydrogen donor having a hydroaromatic structure present in the range of from about 5 to about 50 times the weight of iron (III) oxide at a temperature in the range of from about 180.degree. C. to about 240.degree. C. for a time in the range of from about 0 to about 8 hours. Various specific hydrogen donors are disclosed. The catalysts are active at low temperature (<350.degree. C.) and low pressure.

Abstract: In a process for the co-processing of waste rubber and carbonaceous material to form a useful liquid product, the rubber and the carbonaceous material are combined and heated to the depolymerization temperature of the rubber in the presence of a source of hydrogen. The depolymerized rubber acts as a liquefying solvent for the carbonaceous material while a beneficial catalytic effect is obtained from the carbon black released on depolymerization the reinforced rubber. The reaction is carried out at liquefaction conditions of 380.degree.-600.degree. C. and 70-280 atmospheres hydrogen pressure. The resulting liquid is separated from residual solids and further processed such as by distillation or solvent extraction to provide a carbonaceous liquid useful for fuels and other purposes.

Abstract: A crude oil is upgraded by thermal treatment at a temperature of at least 400.degree. C. under at least autogenous pressure and preferably from 100 to 1000 psig for about 20 to 30 minutes in order to increase the proportion of distillable components in the crude. The improvement is attributed to alkylation of lower molecular weight components, especially aromatics, by alkyl groups derived from the high boiling component of the crude. The process reduces the nondistillable residue and enables subsequent processing to be carried out with lower gas and coke make. The process may be operated with a whole crude or a topped crude as feed.

Abstract: An improved hydrodewaxing process which produces a dewaxed feedstock having a pour point of at least minimum specification and also eliminates the need for conventional hydrotreating subsequent to hydrodewaxing to render the dewaxed stock stable to light and oxidation and to reduce the aging rate of the catalyst is described and includes catalytically hydrodewaxing the feedstock under conditions equivalent to a pressure of about 400 psig, a maximum temperature of about 620.degree. F. and a maximum space velocity of 1.0 LHSV, in the presence of a catalyst comprising a zeolite and a metal of Group VIII alone or admixed with an element of Group VI.

Abstract: There is provided a process for transferring cycloalkyl groups from donor to acceptor aromatic molecules. The process involves the use of a Bronsted acid catalyst such as trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.

Abstract: Residual oils containing metals and sulfur are demetallized and desulfurized by adding to the oil an aromatic solvent and contacting the mixtures in the presence of hydrogen with an alumina having an average pore size greater than about 220 Angstroms.

Abstract: A novel method is provided for regenerating deactivated crystalline zeolite catalysts at low temperature. The organic residue is contacted with a source of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations, or a source of ammonia, and the organic residue, including nitrogenous compounds, is extracted with an organic solvent. The method is particularly useful with deactivated ZSM-5 type dewaxing catalyst.

Abstract: Residual oils containing metals and sulfur are demetalized and desulfurized by adding to the oil an aromatic solvent and contacting the mixture in the presence of hydrogen with an alumina having dual pore size distribution in ranges of 90-200 Angstrom units and 1000-5000 Angstrom units.

Abstract: A process for the demetalation of heavy petroleum residua is provided wherein said residua dispersed in a suitable solvent is contacted with a large pore solid sorbent whereby organomettalic compounds or complexes contained in said residua are selectively adsorbed by the large pore solid sorbent.

Abstract: Petroleum and petroleum fractions are demetalized by contacting them with a solid phase Bronsted acid, preferably a perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin or polymer. The petroleum or petroleum fraction can be dissolved in a solvent.

Abstract: Methods are provided for effecting the acid catalyzed transfer of alkyl substituents from a first benzenoid specie to a second benzenoid specie at an improved rate. According to a preferred embodiment, the first and second benzenoid species are blended together with an effective amount of acid catalyst. An amount effective to improve the rate of transalkylation of at least one polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon is then added to the blend which is maintained at a temperature above room temperature for a period of time sufficient to allow a substantial degree of transalkylation to occur.According to another preferred embodiment, a mixture of benzenoid species such as is found in a fuel or a chemical feedstock is improved through the acid catalyzed transalkylization reaction enhanced by the addition of a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: In two stage solvent refining of coal by mixing comminuted coal with a solvent produced in the process under hydrogen pressure for initial solubilization and reacting the mixture under hydrogen pressure in a second stage, the overall process is improved by enriching the recycled solvent in hydroaromatic hydrocarbons of fourteen or less carbon atoms.

Abstract: Two-stage coal liquefaction is improved by separating a light fraction from the first (dissolving) stage effluent, hydrogenating that fraction and reblending the hydrogenated light fraction with the material passed from the first stage to the second stage reactor operating at higher temperature than the first stage.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for reducing the metal, sulfur and nitrogen content of petroleum residual oils. The process involves contacting a mixture of hydrocarbon feedstock and hydrogen-donor solvent with a catalyst composition comprising a naturally occuring porous metal ore such as manganese nodules.

Abstract: Heavy petroleum oils, such as vacuum resids, and heavy fractions of tar sands and shale oil, are partially converted to more volatile hydrocarbons by mixing with light aromatic hydrocarbons and treatment of the mixture with a Friedel-Crafts catalyst such as aluminum chloride. It is believed that the conversion found is essentially a transalkylation, i.e. the resid undergoes dealkylation with concurrent alkylation of the light aromatic hydrocarbon.

Abstract: The specification discloses a desulfurization, demetalation and denitrogenation process for coal and coal liquid charge stocks. The process comprises contacting the charge stock in the absence of externally added hydrogen with a hydrogen donor solvent in the presence of a catalytic amount of naturally occurring porous metal ores such as manganese nodules, bog iron, bog manganese, nickel laterites, bauxite or spent bauxite.