Abstract: In a heat pump apparatus, it is aimed to enhance efficiency of a defrost operation by reducing a loss of heat radiation during the defrost operation and reducing a compressor input during the defrost operation. The heat pump apparatus includes a main refrigerant circuit in which a compressor, a first heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism, and a second heat exchanger are connected sequentially, and also includes a bypass circuit including an on-off valve and providing a connection by bypassing the expansion mechanism. The main refrigerant circuit includes a four-way valve that switches between a heating operation and the defrost operation by switching an order in which the refrigerant circulates through the main refrigerant circuit. The main refrigerant circuit also includes a first temperature detection unit and a second temperature detection unit. Based on values detected by these temperature detection units, a degree of superheat of the first heat exchanger during the defrost operation is computed.

Abstract: A refrigerant circuit of a heat pump water heater has a compressor, a four-way valve, a water heat exchanger, a heat storage transfer pipe contained in a heat storage water tank, an expansion valve, and an air heat exchanger and forms a refrigerating cycle by sequentially connecting them. A water circuit of the heat pump water heater has a water inlet pipeline that supplies water to the water heat exchanger, a hot water tank, and a water outlet pipeline that allows the water heat exchanger to communicate with the hot water tank, in which water is supplied to the heat storage water tank through a heat storage water tank water feed pipe branching from the water inlet pipeline by opening a heat storage water tank water feed opening/closing valve) and the water in the heat storage water tank can be discharged through the heat storage water tank water discharge pipe (by opening a heat storage water tank water discharge opening/closing valve).

Abstract: Between two heat exchangers of a first heat exchanger unit 41 and a second heat exchanger unit 42 included in an indoor heat exchanger 40, an opening 80 is arranged for introducing indoor air sucked from an air inlet 321 into an indoor blower 50 without being heat-exchanged. At the opening 80, a damper 91 is arranged for adjusting the opening rate of the opening 80, which is driven by a predetermined driving member 92. During a cooling cycle running of a freezing cycle, the opening rate of the opening 80 and/or the devices included in the freezing cycle such as a compressor, blower and expansion valve are controlled alone or in combination so that the temperature of the indoor heat exchanger 40 is lower than a dew point temperature of the indoor air.

Abstract: A heat pump apparatus includes a refrigerant circuit in which a compressor, a condenser, expansion means, and an evaporator are serially connected. Condensation temperature detection means that detects a saturation temperature of the condenser, and evaporation temperature detection means that detects the saturation temperature of the evaporator are provided. Operation efficiency is estimated by a value obtained by dividing heating ability estimated from a detection value of the condensation temperature detection means by a difference between a detection value of condensation temperature detection means and that of evaporation temperature detection means or dissipation power estimated by the difference.

Abstract: Between two heat exchangers of a first heat exchanger unit 41 and a second heat exchanger unit 42 included in an indoor heat exchanger 40, an opening 80 is arranged for introducing indoor air sucked from an air inlet 321 into an indoor blower 50 without being heat-exchanged. At the opening 80, a damper 91 is arranged for adjusting the opening rate of the opening 80, which is driven by a predetermined driving member 92. During a cooling cycle running of a freezing cycle, the opening rate of the opening 80 and/or the devices included in the freezing cycle such as a compressor, blower and expansion valve are controlled alone or in combination so that the temperature of the indoor heat exchanger 40 is lower than a dew point temperature of the indoor air.

Abstract: Crystal D or E of 1-hydroxy-2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethane -1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) monohydrate having specified lattice spacing and relative intensity in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum obtained by using Cu-K.alpha. radiation and a dehydration peak temperature of 135.degree. to 149.degree. C. or 160.degree. to 170.degree. C. according to TG-DSC thermogravimetric analysis; and to a solid pharmaceutical preparation containing the same. The crystals are useful for producing a stable solid pharmaceutical preparation of the above compound which has an excellent drug efficacy for diseases wherein increased bone resorption participates, such as osteoporosis.