Abstract: A coated material for a cutting tool can realize long life-time under severe cutting processing conditions such as high-speed processing, high-feed-rate processing, higher hardness of a material to be cut, cutting of a difficult-to-cut material, etc. In a coated material in which a coating is coated on the surface of a substrate, at least one layer of the coating is a hard film having a cubic metallic compound which includes at least one metal element M selected from Al, Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo and W, and at least one element selected from C, N and O. An X-ray intensity distribution of an ? axis in a pole figure for a (111) plane of the hard film has a maximum intensity in an ? angle range of 75 to 90°, and an X-ray intensity distribution of an ? axis in a pole figure for a (220) plane of the hard film has a maximum intensity in an ? angle range of 75 to 90°.

Abstract: L-glutamic acid is produced by culturing a mutant microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium which mutant is temperature-sensitive remediable with an unsaturated higher fatty acid. L-glutamic acid is recovered from the culture liquor.

Abstract: Citric acid is selectively produced by fermentation of a mutant yeast strain which requires the presence of iron in the culture medium. Citric acid is accumulated in the culture medium and isolated therefrom.