Abstract: Embodiments provide a multi-cone X-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer for spectroscopy of small x-ray sources with a well-defined spectral resolution. The spectrometer includes a glass substrate machined to a multi-cone form; and a thin crystal slab attached to the glass substrate, whereby the multi-cone X-ray imaging Bragg crystal spectrometer provides rotational symmetry of a ray pattern, providing for accurate imaging, for each wavelength in the spectral range of interest. One or more embodiments include a streak camera and/or a gated strip detector.

Abstract: A system/apparatus and a positioning method for the determination of the delivery of protons within a mammalian body or inanimate medium, as well as a treatment method which comprises the delivery of protons to a mammalian body. The system/apparatus necessarily comprise the use of a detector which is placed in the proximity of the body or medium which is responsive to a signal emitted from a fiducuial marker which his positioned within or in the near proximity of target tissue within the body or target volume within the medium. A signal emitted from the fiducial marker is responsive to the impingement of protons thereon received from a controlled proton beam, the signal may be used to modify the subsequent operative characteristics of the source of protons.

Abstract: Disclosed is an imaging apparatus for EUV spectroscopy, EUV microscopy, EUV lithography, and x-ray imaging. This new imaging apparatus could, in particular, make significant contributions to EUV lithography at wavelengths in the range from 10 to 15 nm, which is presently being developed for the manufacturing of the next-generation integrated circuits. The disclosure provides a novel adjustable imaging apparatus that allows for the production of stigmatic images in x-ray imaging, EUV imaging, and EUVL. The imaging apparatus of the present invention incorporates additional properties compared to previously described objectives. The use of a pair of spherical reflectors containing a concave and convex arrangement has been applied to a EUV imaging system to allow for the image and optics to all be placed on the same side of a vacuum chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed is an imaging apparatus for EUV spectroscopy, EUV microscopy, EUV lithography, and x-ray imaging. This new imaging apparatus could, in particular, make significant contributions to EUV lithography at wavelengths in the range from 10 to 15 nm, which is presently being developed for the manufacturing of the next-generation integrated circuits. The disclosure provides a novel adjustable imaging apparatus that allows for the production of stigmatic images in x-ray imaging, EUV imaging, and EUVL. The imaging apparatus of the present invention incorporates additional properties compared to previously described objectives. The use of a pair of spherical reflectors containing a concave and convex arrangement has been applied to a EUV imaging system to allow for the image and optics to all be placed on the same side of a vacuum chamber.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for simultaneously measuring integrated reflectivity of X-rays with different orders of reflections in crystal. Continuous X-rays are incident into the crystal and reflection intensities of the X-rays reflected from the crystal with different orders of reflections are measured based on Bragg's law, thereby measuring reflectivity of X-rays with different orders of reflections.

Abstract: Disclosed are an apparatus and a method for simultaneously measuring integrated reflectivity of X-rays with different orders of reflections in crystal. Continuous X-rays are incident into the crystal and reflection intensities of the X-rays reflected from the crystal with different orders of reflections are measured based on Bragg's law, thereby measuring reflectivity of X-rays with different orders of reflections.

Abstract: Disclosed is an X-ray tube for generating X-rays linearly focused in a vertical or horizontal direction in accordance with the orientation of a filament used. The X-ray tube includes a linear filament arranged at a cathode included in the X-ray tube, the linear filament serving to allow an anode included in the X-ray tube to generate line-focused X-rays. The X-ray tube according to the present invention can be applied to a calibration for X-ray spectroscopes, or various applications requiring line-focused X-rays.