Abstract: A switchable optical device including in this order a first substrate, a first conductive layer, a switchable layer, a second conductive layer and a second substrate, which device further contains one or both of the following: i) the first conductive layer contains a first contact zone and a second contact zone, wherein the first contact zone is electrically insulated from the second contact zone and the switchable optical device contains an electrical interconnect for electrically connecting the second contact zone of the first conductive layer the second conductive layer, ii) the switchable optical device contains at least one further sheet which is laminated to the first substrate and/or the second substrate, wherein first substrate, second substrate and the at least one further sheet have essentially the same thermal expansion coefficient. A switchable glazing unit containing at least one glass pane and at least one switchable optical device.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tool head for a woodworking machine, having a cylindrical, conical or profiled main part, which has at least two tool-receiving portions evenly distributed across its circumference for holding the cutting insert. The tool-receiving portions each have grooves tapering in the radial direction, in which one cutting insert per groove is clamped between a first side wall of the groove and a closing element. A first interlocking connection is provided between the cutting insert and the first side wall. In addition, a centrifugal wedge is arranged between the closing element and a second side wall situated opposite the first side wall of the groove. According to the invention, a second interlocking connection is provided between the closing element and the centrifugal wedge. This permits radial insertion of a cutting insert.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tool head for a woodworking machine, having a cylindrical, conical or profiled main part, which has at least two tool-receiving portions evenly distributed across its circumference for holding the cutting insert. The tool-receiving portions each have grooves tapering in the radial direction, in which one cutting insert per groove is clamped between a first side wall of the groove and a closing element. A first interlocking connection is provided between the cutting insert and the first side wall. In addition, a centrifugal wedge is arranged between the closing element and a second side wall situated opposite the first side wall of the groove. According to the invention, a second interlocking connection is provided between the closing element and the centrifugal wedge. This permits radial insertion of a cutting insert.

Abstract: A method is based on measuring a distance to a reference reflector arranged at a known distance, in order to calibrate and/or monitor a coherent frequency modulation, continuous wave radar, fill-level measuring device, wherein the reference reflector can be reliably identified. To this end, a reference reflector executing oscillations toward the fill-level measuring device with an oscillation frequency is used, which is inserted in the beam path of periodically linearly frequency modulated transmission signals transmitted from the fill-level measuring device. The fill-level measuring device receives fractions of the transmission signals reflected back on reflectors in the container and records based on these received signals and their time correlation relative to the respectively associated transmission signal for each received signal an echo function, which shows the amplitudes of the received signal as a function of the associated position of the associated reflector.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tool head for a woodworking machine, having a cylindrical, conical or profiled main part, which has at least two tool-receiving portions evenly distributed across its circumference for holding the cutting insert. The tool-receiving portions each have grooves tapering in the radial direction, in which one cutting insert per groove is clamped between a first side wall of the groove and a closing element. A first interlocking connection is provided between the cutting insert and the first side wall. In addition, a centrifugal wedge is arranged between the closing element and a second side wall situated opposite the first side wall of the groove. According to the invention, a second interlocking connection is provided between the closing element and the centrifugal wedge. This permits radial insertion of a cutting insert.

Abstract: A method is based on measuring a distance to a reference reflector arranged at a known distance, in order to calibrate and/or monitor a coherent frequency modulation, continuous wave radar, fill-level measuring device, wherein the reference reflector can be reliably identified. To this end, a reference reflector executing oscillations toward the fill-level measuring device with an oscillation frequency is used, which is inserted in the beam path of periodically linearly frequency modulated transmission signals transmitted from the fill-level measuring device. The fill-level measuring device receives fractions of the transmission signals reflected back on reflectors in the container and records based on these received signals and their time correlation relative to the respectively associated transmission signal for each received signal an echo function, which shows the amplitudes of the received signal as a function of the associated position of the associated reflector.

Abstract: A measuring device working with high frequency microwaves, especially frequencies above 70 GHz, comprises a microwave module for the production of microwave transmission signals and/or for the reception and processing of received microwave signals, and an antenna unit for the transmission of the microwave transmission signals and/or for the receipt of the received microwave signals. The measuring device has a cost effective, flexibly usable connection between the microwave module and the antenna unit suitable for the transmission of high frequency microwave signals, especially frequencies of 70 GHz and more. The microwave module and the antenna unit are connected to one another via a dielectric waveguide, via which a transmission of the microwave transmission signals from the microwave module to the antenna unit and/or a transmission of the received microwave signals from the antenna unit to the microwave module occurs.

Abstract: A sonic or ultrasonic transducer, which is embodied as a radial oscillator. So that the sonic or ultrasonic transducer can be used at high temperatures, a matching layer is located between the radial oscillator and the atmosphere into which the ultrasonic signals are transmitted The matching layer is made from a material that has a dimensional stability up to a temperature which lies above the temperature at the installation location of the sonic or ultrasonic transducer. Furthermore, the matching layer is selected such that its material-specific coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than that of the materials of a piezoelectric unit and a coupling ring, and that the modulus of elasticity of the material of the matching layer is at least one order of magnitude smaller than that of the piezoelectric unit and/or the coupling ring.

Abstract: A sonic or ultrasonic transducer, which is embodied as a radial oscillator. So that the sonic or ultrasonic transducer can be used at high temperatures, a matching layer is located between the radial oscillator and the atmosphere into which the ultrasonic signals are transmitted The matching layer is made from a material that has a dimensional stability up to a temperature which lies above the temperature at the installation location of the sonic or ultrasonic transducer. Furthermore, the matching layer is selected such that its material-specific coefficient of thermal expansion is greater than that of the materials of a piezoelectric unit and a coupling ring, and that the modulus of elasticity of the material of the matching layer is at least one order of magnitude smaller than that of the piezoelectric unit and/or the coupling ring.

Abstract: A method for a fill level measurement in accordance with the running time principle, which functions dependably over a long period of time, is provided, having a fill level measuring device with an ultrasonic sensor for transmitting and receiving ultrasound, wherein a repeated check of a resonance frequency of the ultrasonic sensor is performed, in the course of which the ultrasonic sensor is briefly excited to oscillate, following the excitation a signal received by the ultrasonic sensor is picked up, and the actual resonance frequency of the ultrasonic sensor is determined by means of the received signal in that the received signal is digitized and supplied to a digital signal processor, a Fourier transformation of the digitized received signal is performed in the signal processor, a maximum of the Fourier-transformed received signal is determined as a function of the frequency, a frequency at which the maximum occurs is stored as the actual resonance frequency, and during measuring operations the ultrasoni

Abstract: A method for a fill level measurement in accordance with the running time principle, which functions dependably over a long period of time, is provided, having a fill level measuring device with an ultrasonic sensor for transmitting and receiving ultrasound, wherein a repeated check of a resonance frequency of the ultrasonic sensor is performed, in the course of which the ultrasonic sensor is briefly excited to oscillate, following the excitation a signal received by the ultrasonic sensor is picked up, and the actual resonance frequency of the ultrasonic sensor is determined by means of the received signal in that the received signal is digitized and supplied to a digital signal processor, a Fourier transformation of the digitized received signal is performed in the signal processor, a maximum of the Fourier-transformed received signal is determined as a function of the frequency, a frequency at which the maximum occurs is stored as the actual resonance frequency, and during measuring operations the ultrasoni

Abstract: A filling level measuring device operating with microwaves and to be fastened on a container (3) is provided, the device having a housing (11) and a rod-shaped antenna (7) pointing into the container (3) and the device being designed such that the antenna (7) does not transmit or receive microwaves in the region of a measuring device fastening and the transmitted power is not impaired by condensate or moisture. According to a first solution variant, the antenna (7) is fastened in the housing (11) and a section of the antenna (7) in the region of the measuring device fastening is surrounded by a metallic sleeve (8). According to a second solution variant, a sleeve (8a) in which the antenna (7) is fastened is formed onto the housing (11).

Abstract: A filling level measuring device operating with microwaves and to be fastened on a container (3) is provided, the device having a housing (11) and a rod-shaped antenna (7) pointing into the container (3) and the device being designed such that the antenna (7) does not transmit or receive microwaves in the region of a measuring device fastening and the transmitted power is not impaired by condensate or moisture. According to a first solution variant, the antenna (7) is fastened in the housing (11) and a section of the antenna (7) in the region of the measuring device fastening is surrounded by a metallic sleeve (8). According to a second solution variant, a sleeve (8a) in which the antenna (7) is fastened is formed onto the housing (11).

Abstract: Proposed is a fill-level indicator designed to indicate the level of the contents of a container or the storage level of a material at a storage place, the indicator having an ultrasonic transducer which is operated to act alternately as a pulse emitter and as a receiver. The ultrasonic transceiver (31,33,35) is surrounded by the fill-level indicator housing (21) to form an exactly cylindrical coaxial air gap (38) and has boundary surfaces which produce acoustic impedance jumps to reflect the acoustic energy emitted by the surface of the piezoelectric crystal (31).

Abstract: A small, compact, easily mountable ultrasonic transducer for measuring the filling level in a container is provided, which transducer transmits virtually no oscillation energy to the container, having a can-shaped transducer housing (1), an electronics housing (2) connected to the transducer housing (1), a transducer element (4), arranged in the transducer housing (1), for the transmission and reception of ultrasonic pulses, a union ring (3) for the sound-decoupling securing of the ultrasonic transducer on the container, in which ring the transducer housing (1) is supported coaxially with respect to the union ring (3) and is fixed therein against displacement in the axial direction, and two resilient elements (7, 8) which are arranged between the transducer housing (1) and the union ring (3) and by means of which the transducer housing (1) and the union ring (3) are held spaced apart from each other in the radial direction in such a way that there is no direct mechanical coupling between them in the radial di

Abstract: A sound or ultrasound sensor is provided for transmitting and/or receiving sound or ultrasound, which is mechanically robust and chemically resistant and which has an adjustable emission characteristic, for example having a preferably small beam angle, having an emitting element (3) which has a flat front surface (34), and having a transducer element (1), the transducer element (1) causing the front surface (34) to oscillate on the basis of an excitation frequency, such that the entire front surface (34) carries out virtually in-phase deflections with virtually equal amplitude parallel to the normal to the front surface (34), and in which sensor concentric webs (32) are arranged on the front surface, there being a concentric gap (33) in each case between two adjacent webs (32), and a disk (5) sealing the sound or ultrasound sensor flush at the front, which disk is firmly connected to the webs (32) and has segments which are not connected to the webs (32) and are used as membranes (51).

Abstract: This ultrasonic transducer has a high chemical resistance and a small diameter and can be used over a very wide temperature range. It has a single-piece, can-shaped housing (1) sealed off by a diaphragm (12), a sensor element (2), arranged in the housing (1), for transmitting and receiving ultrasound, a matching layer (3) arranged between the diaphragm (12) and the sensor element (2), a stress equalizing layer (5) which completely encloses the sensor element (2) apart from a front area adjoining the matching layer (3) and is made of a thermosetting plastic, especially of an epoxy resin, a clamping ring (4) coaxially enclosing the matching layer (3), and a damping layer (6) that fills a cavity that remains in the housing (1) and is bounded by the clamping ring (4), the stress equalizing layer (5) and the housing (1).

Abstract: A method for the automatic control of the setting of spinning rolls in relation to a cylindrical, tubular workpiece in an opposed roll spinning lathe with four pairs of rolls. Each of the four pairs of rolls consists of one inner roll and one outer roll each, of which is arranged on a holder on a carrier so as to be radially adjustable in relation to the workpiece and so that the pairs of rolls are arranged at equal circumferential spacing about the workpiece so that the roll pair acting as the first rolling stage is placed diametrically opposite the second roll pair operating as the second rolling stage, the roll pair operating as the third rolling stage is offset by 90.degree. in relation to the first roll pair and is diametrically opposite the roll pair operating as the fourth rolling stage so that during the spinning rolling process the pairs of rolls and the workpiece perform a translatory and a rotary motion and furthermore the radial forces acting on the rolls are continuously measured.

Abstract: For the continuous measurement of the thrust forces produced by the spinning rolls on the workpiece to be extended while the spinning rolls are rotating a measuring rod is provided, which has its one end fixed coaxially on the spindle within a hollow spindle, while its other end projects freely out of the spindle. In the plane of the free end of the measuring rod a distance sensor is arranged, which detects the radial displacement, caused by the radial flexure motion of the spindle, of the measuring rod and computes the force acting on the spinning roll using a processing unit.

Abstract: In an apparatus for rolling the walls of a tube in order to decrease the wall thickness and so increase the length of the tube by the use of pairs of rolls of which one roll is outside the tube wall and the other roll is inside it and in which relative axial motion and relative rotation takes place between the tube and the roll pairs, an increase in the possible length of tube which may be rolled is produced by having all the rollers carried on means extending from a common support structure on which a holder for one end of the tube is also carried.