Abstract: A device monitors an automatic braking process by using a fault-detecting, operational testing method which takes place via an automatic braking process lasting only briefly, typically about 50 ms. The method is initiated by a test control device and can take place during different vehicle states.

Abstract: A method for terminating an automatic braking process improves an automatic braking process by assuring that reliable termination of the braking process always takes place. Breaking-off criteria, which are independent of the actuation force of the brake pedal, are provided for the automatic braking process. The variables relating to the dynamics of vehicle movement or the activation time of the automatic braking process, if appropriate also as a function of variables relating to dynamics of vehicle movement, are used as the breaking-off criteria. Thus, automatic braking process is terminated as a function of vehicle behavior. In addition, the gradient of the braking pressure is determined as a function of the activation time and/or as a function of the switch-off criteria when the automatic braking process is terminated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for carrying out an automatic braking procedure to further reduce the braking distance required for a braking operation. The brake pressure produced during the performance of the automatic braking procedure is increased at each axle until the ABS detects the reaching of the locking limit of at least one wheel of the respective axle. A further reduction in the braking distance is thus achieved by not only increasing the brake pressure to such an extent that one wheel of the vehicle reaches the locking limit but by increasing the brake pressure of the individual axles until at least one wheel of the respective axle reaches the locking limit. The maximum force transmission between the wheel and the roadway is thus obtained at each axle.

Abstract: A brake pressure control device for a road vehicle with a hydraulic brake system has a pneumatic braking force amplifier which is provided with a switch-over device which switches ever the braking force amplifier to operation with increased amplification factor when the speed with which the driver actuates the brake pedal exceeds a threshold value .phi..sub.s. In the axial force transmission train leading from the brake pedal via a reaction piston of the control part, via a reaction element and via the actuating piston of the braking force amplifier to the main cylinder. A rigid force transmission element is in mechanical parallel connection to a flexible transmission element and associated with which there is a position engaged in the force transmission train as the basic position for the judicious braking operation, and an actuation device, which responds when the threshold value .phi..sub.s of the pedal actuation speed is exceeded and then disengages the distance piece from its supporting position.

Abstract: In a brake-pressure control device for a road vehicle, having an antilock braking system whose braking device comprises a vacuum brake power assist unit which has a vacuum chamber connected to the intake stub of the vehicle engine and a working chamber which can be subjected to a higher pressure via a control element operable by the brake pedal, a position sensor is provided which detects the position of the brake pedal and generates output signals. An electronic control unit processes these signals and generates drive signals for a brake-pressure control device making it possible to couple into the wheel brakes a higher brake pressure than would otherwise correspond to the instantaneous pedal position. Such driving of the brake-pressure control device is triggered when the speed .PHI. at which the brake pedal is operated overshoots a prescribed threshold value .PHI..sub.s.

Abstract: A brake-pressure control device for a road vehicle with a hydraulic brake system has a pneumatic brake booster provided with a change-over device which changes over the brake booster to a mode with an increased boost factor when the speed with which the driver actuates the brake pedal exceeds a threshold value. A reaction piston of the axial force-transmission train, leading from the brake pedal via the reaction piston, a flexible reaction element and the driving piston of the brake booster to the master cylinder, is constructed in two parts. One of the two part-pistons engages axially on the reaction element and the other of the part-pistons acts as a valve element of the inlet valve and via which the driving chamber of the brake booster can be exposed to the ambient pressure. The two part-pistons have complementary threads which engage one another.

Abstract: A hydraulic twin-circuit brake system for a road vehicle with front axle/rear axle brake circuit division, is equipped both with an anti-lock brake system (ABS) and an acceleration skid regulation device (ASR) which operates on the principle of slowing down a driven vehicle wheel tending to spin by activating its wheel brake. A brake pressure control device analogous to the acceleration skid regulation device is also provided for the brake circuit of the non-driven front wheels of the vehicle. This brake pressure control device, together with the acceleration skid regulation device for the driven rear wheels of the vehicle, is activated in the sense of an automatic brake pressure control when the driver actuates the brake pedal at a rate which is larger than a specified threshold value .phi..sub.s. The brake pressure is then automatically controlled such that optimum vehicle deceleration occurs.

Abstract: A hydraulic dual-circuit brake system has brake booster with a first output pressure chamber allocated to the front-axle brake circuit I and a second output pressure chamber allocated to the rear-axle brake circuit II. The chambers are movably delimited by master cylinder pistons, to each of which is allocated a position sensor. An electronic control device is provided to process the output signals of the position sensors and to emit control signals for a valve arrangement by which a brake circuit which is poorly bled or leaking is blocked off from its master brake line.

Abstract: A hydraulic dual-circuit brake system for a road vehicle with front-axle/rear-axle brake circuit division has a tandem main cylinder as a brake device. The primary output pressure space of the cylinders is associated with the front-axle brake circuit, and the secondary output pressure space of the cylinders is associated with the rear-axle brake circuit. A pressure modulator adjusts the front-axle/rear-axle braking force distribution in the direction of an approach to the, in each case, ideal braking force distribution, as a braking-pressure actuator for the rear-axle brake circuit. The pressure modulator has a drive pressure space, by the charging of which with the output pressure of an auxiliary pressure source under solenoid valve control, a braking pressure which can be coupled into the rear-wheel brakes can be built up in an output pressure space of the pressure modulator.

Abstract: The product is frozen and freeze-dried in a freeze-drying apparatus (1) containing a freeze-drying chamber (2) with shelves (6) for performing the freeze-drying and a condenser (11), the cooling surfaces of which are formed by a coiled tube (14) in a number of tube coil turns (15), and where the low temperature created by the condenser (11) is used to freeze the product. To carry out the freezing quickly and simply the product is put into trays or dishes (21) and these trays or dishes are positioned on the tube turns (15) of the condenser (11) already in operation.

Abstract: A hydraulic brake system for a motor vehicle with rear axle drive and front axle/rear axle brake circuit division is equipped with an antilocking brake system, a traction control device and an electronic braking force distribution control device. In order to effect these regulation and control functions on the rear axle of the vehicle, a pressure modulator is provided which has a modulation chamber connected via brake pressure control valves to the rear wheel brakes. This modulation chamber is separated by a modulator piston from a control pressure space to which the outlet pressure of an auxiliary pressure source can be connected under valve control. The modulator piston is displaced by a return spring into the position corresponding to the maximum volume of the modulation chamber, which is the initial position both for normal braking and for traction control operation.

Abstract: An antilocking braking system for a road vehicle performs brake pressure control on the principle of changing the volume of an output pressure chamber of a pressure modulator connected to the wheel brake. The modulator has a control pressure chamber which is separated by a piston from the output pressure chamber into which the output pressure of an auxiliary pressure source is permanently introduced via an inlet control valve. The piston is held in its end position associated with minimal volume of the output pressure chamber. Connected in series with the inlet control valve is a non-return valve which prevents a drop in the pressure in the control pressure chamber in the event of a failure of the auxiliary pressure source. Volume increases in the output pressure chamber required for pressure reduction phases of the antilock braking control are controlled by an outlet control valve.

Abstract: A twin master cylinder for a road vehicle brake system has master cylinders assigned respectively, to a front-axle brake circuit and to a rear-axle brake circuit. The master cylinders are arranged laterally next to one another in a common housing and are each actuable via an arm of a pivotable rocker with a variable ratio L1/L2 of the lengths L1 and L2 of arms of the rocker. A supporting element is provided which, by its support point on the pivotable rocker, marks the pivot axis of the rocker and, by support on a push-rod piece, transmits the actuating force acting on piece to the rocker. The supporting element is arranged between the rocker and the supporting surface of the push-rod so as to be displaceable transversely relative to the direction of exertion of the actuating force.

Abstract: A brake pressure setting device suitable for both an antilocking control system and drive slip control system is provided and uses a pressure modulator designed as a stepped cylinder defining a modulation chamber which can be connected to the main brake pipe of the brake circuit of the driven vehicle wheels and a control pressure space separated from the modulation chamber by a modulator piston. The control pressure space anc be connected to a pressure outlet of an auxiliary pressure source of alternatively to its non-pressurized sump tank for driving the pistion. A return spring biases the piston into a position associated with maximum volume of the modulation chamber. Connecting the control pressure space to the pressure outlet of the auxiliary pressure source moves the modulator piston into an end position provided for normal brake operation and suitable as an initial position for antilocking control system operation.

Abstract: In a brake pressure setting device suitable for both an antilocking control system and a drive slip control system, a pressure modulator unit designed as a stepped cylinder is provided with a modulation chamber which can be connected to the main brake pipe of the brake circuit of the driven vehicle wheels and a control pressure space separated from the modulation chamber by the modulator piston. The control pressure space can be connected to a pressure outlet of an auxiliary pressure source or alternatively to its non-pressurized sump tank. The modulator piston is urged by a return spring into a position corresponding to maximum volume of the modulation chamber. Connecting the control pressure space to the pressure outlet of auxiliary pressure source moves the piston into an end position corresponding to a minimum volume of the modulation chamber.

Abstract: For a road vehicle with front axle/rear axle brake circuit subdivision, in which the rear axle brake circuit is designed as a static brake circuit with an antilocking system operating on the pump-back principle providing brake pressure control according to the select-low principle and in which the return pump is designed as a hydraulically driven piston pump whose valve chamber is connected via an inlet non-return valve to the section of the main brake pipe of the rear axle brake circuit branching off to the rear wheel brakes and, via an outlet non-return valve, to the pressure outlet of the main brake unit associated with the rear axle brake circuit. The section of the main brake pipe extending between the connection positions of the two non-return valves can be shut off by means of a single brake pressure control valve designed as a 2/2-way solenoid valve.

Abstract: An antilocking system for a road vehicle with static brake circuits operates on the principle of pressure modulation when brake pressure changes demanded by the control system remain small by changing the volume of a pressure modulator modulation chamber, which can be connected and disconnected to the wheel brake via an inlet valve. If larger brake pressure changes are necessary, the antilocking system operates on the pump-back principle, according to which brake fluid is pumped back via an outlet non-return valve from the modulation chamber into an output pressure space of the brake unit of the brake installation and before a further brake pressure reduction takes place in response to a renewed increase in volume of the modulation chamber. To permit switching from the pressure modulation to pump-back operation, the inlet valve is designed as a spool valve mechanically controlled by a hydraulically driven step piston, which forms the movable boundary of the modulation chamber.

Abstract: A hydraulic dual-circuit braking system comprising two main cylinders combined in twin-type construction which is actuated via a torque-equalized rocker operated by an actuating force proportional to brake pedal force, and wherein the main cylinders have position transmitters to detect piston positions, which are indirectly a measure of the brake pressure, and wherein an anti-blocking system enables the front wheel brakes to be blocked off from their main cylinders. The position signals are used by an electronic processing unit to determine the instantaneous front axle/rear axle braking force distribution, and compares this with a value which is ideal in accordance with the vehicle data, and when this comparison shows that the rear axle braking force component is too low, the front-wheel brakes are blocked off from their main cylinders until the rear axle braking force component is increased to such an extent that the ideal braking force distribution has been almost achieved.

Abstract: A hydraulic dual-circuit braking system comprising two main cylinders combined in twin-type construction which is actuated via a torque-equalized rocker operated by an actuating force proportional to brake pedal force, and wherein the main cylinders have position transmitters to detect piston positions, which are indirectly a measure of the brake pressure, and wherein an anti-blocking system enables the front wheel brakes to be blocked off from their main cylinders. The position signals are used by an electronic processing unit to determine the instantaneous front axle/rear axle braking force distribution, and compares this with a value which is ideal in accordance with the vehicle data, and when this comparison shows that the rear axle braking force component is too low, the front-wheel brakes are blocked off from their main cylinders until the rear axle braking force component is increased to such an extent that the ideal braking force distribution has been almost achieved.