Abstract: Processes are disclosed for reducing the sulphur content of a hydrocarbon material containing sulphur compounds.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed for reducing the sulphur content of a hydrocarbon material containing sulphur compounds.

Abstract: A process for producing monoesters and glycerol from triglycerides and monohydric alcohols by transesterification in the presence of phase-transfer catalysts and base initiators, produced in a batch or continuous mode. Reaction mixtures comprising triglycerides such as vegetable triglycerides, monohydric alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, base initiators such as alkali metal hydroxides or carbonates and phase-transfer catalysts such as quaternary ammonium or quaternary phosphonium salts for performing transesterification reactions. The reaction product comprises a mixture of monoesters and glycerol. The monoesters produced are useful as fuels, cleaning solvents and other industrial applications. For example, fatty acid methyl esters are produced by the transesterification reaction between fatty vegetable triglycerides and methanol in the presence of catalytic quantities of both methyl tricaprylyl ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide at a temperature of about 70° C.

Abstract: The invention provides reaction mixtures comprising polyols, triglycerides, base initiators and phase-transfer catalysts for performing transesterification reactions. The reaction product comprises a mixture of polyol monoesters, polyol diesters, triglycerides and glycerol.

Abstract: The invention provides reaction mixtures comprising polyols, triglycerides, base initiators and phase-transfer catalysts for performing transesterification reactions. The reaction product comprises a mixture of polyol monoesters, polyol diesters, triglycerides and glycerol.

Abstract: Ion exchange resins are prepared by a process comprising functionalizing styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, or other crosslinked vinyl copolymers, by sulfonation or chloromethylation and amination, and achieving high ion exchange capacity and a low degree of resin bead fragmentation, in the presence of hydrocarbon liquids, such as cyclohexane.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to the preparation of certain phosphorothioates and phosphonoates by means of a process which employs a three-phase system for the reaction of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal phenate, pyridinate or pyrimidinate with a phosphorochloridothioate or phosphorochloridate under alkaline conditions and in the presence of tertiary amine and quarternary ammonium salt co-catalyst, but in the absence of both a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent and a surfactant.

Abstract: 2-Hydrocarbyl-3,6-dichloropyridines are prepared from dichloromethyl hydrocarbyl ketones and acrylonitrile in a two-step process involving an addition reaction under basic conditions to form intermediate 1,1-dichloro-3-cyanopropyl hydrocarbyl ketones and a subsequent cyclization reaction in the presence of hydrogen chloride. Thus, 3,6-dichloro-2-methylpyridine is prepared from 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone and acrylonitrile by the formation and further reaction of 4,4-dichloro-5-oxo-hexanenitrile. The intermediates and products are novel compounds useful in the preparation of herbicides and nitrification inhibitors.

Abstract: 2-Hydrocarbyl-3,6-dichloropyridines are prepared from dichloromethyl hydrocarbyl ketones and acrylonitrile in a two-step process involving an addition reaction under basic conditions to form intermediate 1,1-dichloro-3-cyanopropyl hydrocarbyl ketones and a subsequent cyclization reaction in the presence of hydrogen chloride. Thus, 3,6-dichloro-2-methylpyridine is prepared from 1,1-dichloro-2-propanone and acrylonitrile by the formation and further reaction of 4,4-dichloro-5-oxo-hexanenitrile. The intermediates and products are novel compounds useful in the preparation of herbicides and nitrification inhibitors.