Abstract: A process and apparatus for setting a working rate distribution along a work surface which is being AC plasma-enhanced reactively coated, or reactively or non-reactively etched in an AC plasma, and in which process a plasma volume of given volume is utilized, comprises placing the work surface in the plasma volume, positioning a setting surface of a distribution setting body opposite the work surface, the setting body being surrounded by the plasma volume substantially on all sides of the setting body, and setting the working rate distribution by selecting either the material of the setting surface, the quality of the setting surface, a distance relationship between the setting surface and the work surface, or the shape of the setting surface.

Abstract: A process for coating substrates which has microcavities comprises coating the substrate surface under a vacuum with a predetermined substance to form a layer of the substance deposited on the surface and in the cavity. Directing subsequent layers onto the substrate with an ion bombardment so as to cause the molecular beams of the coating substance to strike the cavities at divergence angles of not greater than 10.degree..

Abstract: To manufacture tubes having a wear-resistant inside coating, such as gun barrels, hard material layers are deposited on the barrel and the layers are strain-hardened in their surface area by at least the ratio of the area by which the surface area is reduced by compression divided by the surface area of 0.001 (.DELTA.F/F=1.10.sup.-3) or reducing the area of the layer by 0.1%.

Abstract: With elastic, particularly rubber-elastic bodies, the problem arises that an applied coating becomes fissured upon later deformation and may easily be abraded. According to the invention, the surface to be coated, for example, an elastic implant, is held in a stretched state during the deposition of the layer, such as a metal. Then, in a state of normal use, the produced layer forms a kind of shrunken skin which remains continuous even if the body is later deformed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a device for measuring the reflection of a plane, specularly reflecting surface, in which a measuring beam of radiation is directed onto the surface to be measured through an optical converging lens and the radiation reflected from the surface is directed through the same lens to a radiation receiver. In such a system, preferably, the optical connections between the source of radiation and the converging lens and between the lens and the radiation receiver are established by means of a fiber-optical photoconductor or a lens and mirror systems. Such a device may be employed, for example, for measuring the reflection of thin layers deposited in a vacuum evaporator.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the rate of flow of particles in a vacuum deposition device using the relationship that the rate of flow of the particles is equal to the density of the particle current times the mean velocity of the particles comprises establishing a flow or current of particles in the device and the directing of a laser beam through the current of particles in order to measure the attenuation of the beam after it has passed through the particles and thus to determine the vapor density within the current. The absorption wavelength shift of the laser beam provides an indication of the velocity component of the current because the shift is produced by a Doppler effect by the velocity component of the particle current in the direction of flow from the source of the particles to the substrate to be coated.

Abstract: A method of determining the rate of flow of particles in a vacuum deposition device, using the relationship that the rate of flow of the particles is equal to the density of the particle current times the mean velocity of the particles, comprises establishing a flow or current of particles in the device and directing a laser beam through the current of particles in order to measure the atteunation of the beam after it has passed through the particles and thus to determine the vapor density within the current. The absorption wavelength shift of the laser beam provides an indication of the velocity component of the current because the shift is produced by a Doppler effect by the velocity component of the particle current in the direction of flow from the source of the particles to the substrate to be coated.

Abstract: Photoconductive compositions comprising an organic photoconductive material, an activator capable of forming a charge transfer complex with the photoconductive material, and a protonic acid. Imaging members provided with an imaging layer prepared from the above composition are highly light sensitive, requiring only brief exposure times, and exhibit a photoinduced state of elevated conductivity which persists long after exposure to light is terminated. These compositions can be returned to their relatively insulative state by merely subjecting the imaging layer to heat in the dark, thereby erasing this photoinduced image pattern of elevated conductivity.

Abstract: The concentration ratio of two components of a mixture of substances, having absorption bands which are adjacent each other in a manner such that the radiation absorption of the mixture of substances has a minimum between these absorption bands, is determined by measuring, in three adjacent, narrow spectral regions, of the radiation transmitted by the mixture of substances, a variable which is proportional to the ratio .DELTA..sup.1 I / .DELTA..sup.2 I wherein the numerator .DELTA..sup.1 I = (I.sub.3 - I.sub.1) is the difference between the intensities of radiation of the two outer spectral regions, and the denominator .DELTA..sup.2 I = (I.sub.3 - I.sub.2) -(I.sub.2 - I.sub.1) is the value by which the respective differences between the intensities of radiation of each outer spectral region and the middle spectral region differ from each other.