Abstract: A solar cell including at least a first layer made of a semiconductor material for absorbing photons from light radiation and releasing charge carriers, and at least one conductive layer, overlapping the first layer, adapted to allow the light radiation to enter into the solar cell towards the first layer and to collect the charge carriers released by the first layer, the solar cell where the conductive layer includes at least three overlapped layers, including a transparent intermediate metal layer, made of metal, and two transparent oxide layers, made of a conductive oxide, where the two oxide layers are an inner oxide layer and an outer oxide layer surrounding the transparent intermediate metal layer to provide a low resistance path for the electrical charges and to maximize the amount of light radiation entering the solar cell. The embodiments also include a solar cells module including said solar cell.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a bifacial solar cell (1) comprising a front side (10) and a back side (20), said front and back sides (10, 20) having a respective outer layer (34) made of transparent conductive oxide, on which is placed a respective metallization grid (11, 21), each metallization grid (11, 21) comprising first collectors (111, 211) running parallel to each other in a horizontal direction (x) of said solar cell (1) and second collectors (112, 212) crossing said first collectors (111, 211), each second collector (112, 212) comprising two vertical elements (112a, 112b, 212a, 212b) and at least one horizontal element (112c, 212c) every one or two first collectors (111) or 3 or 6 first collectors (211) connecting said two vertical elements (112a, 112b, 212a, 212b), said solar cell module being characterized in that said metallization grids (11, 21) furtherly comprise at least one respective front or back area (113, 213), said front or back area (113, 213) comprising said at least one horizontal el

Abstract: A solar cell including at least a first layer made of a semiconductor material for absorbing photons from light radiation and releasing charge carriers, and at least one conductive layer, overlapping the first layer, adapted to allow the light radiation to enter into the solar cell towards the first layer and to collect the charge carriers released by the first layer, the solar cell where the conductive layer includes at least three overlapped layers, including a transparent intermediate metal layer, made of metal, and two transparent oxide layers, made of a conductive oxide, where the two oxide layers are an inner oxide layer and an outer oxide layer surrounding the transparent intermediate metal layer to provide a low resistance path for the electrical charges and to maximize the amount of light radiation entering the solar cell. The embodiments also include a solar cells module including said solar cell.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a bifacial solar cell (1) comprising a front side (10) and a back side (20), said front and back sides (10, 20) having a respective outer layer (34) made of transparent conductive oxide, on which is placed a respective metallization grid (11, 21), each metallization grid (11, 21) comprising first collectors (111, 211) running parallel to each other in a horizontal direction (x) of said solar cell (1) and second collectors (112, 212) crossing said first collectors (111, 211), each second collector (112, 212) comprising two vertical elements (112a, 112b, 212a, 212b) and at least one horizontal element (112c, 212c) every one or two first collectors (111) or 3 or 6 first collectors (211) connecting said two vertical elements (112a, 112b, 212a, 212b), said solar cell module being characterized in that said metallization grids (11, 21) furtherly comprise at least one respective front or back area (113, 213), said front or back area (113, 213) comprising said at least one horizontal el

Abstract: A method of manufacturing and controlling a butterfly valve for an internal combustion engine; the manufacturing and control method includes the steps of: establishing a maximum gaseous flow rate value which may flow through the feeding pipe when the butterfly plate is in the closing position; determining a conventional closing position at which the gaseous flow rate which flows through the feeding pipe is essentially equal to the maximum gaseous flow rate value; driving an actuator device so as not to normally pass the conventional closing position; and dimensioning the position of a catch element, so that when a rotational shaft abuts against the catch element the gaseous flow rate which flows through the feeding pipe is essentially lower than the maximum gaseous flow rate value.

Abstract: A method for controlling an electric motor by using the PWM technique including the steps of: applying to the clamps of the electric motor an electric voltage varying in time, which displays a square waveform and consists of a sequence of pulses having a uniform wave period and a variable width; adjusting the average value of the electric voltage by varying the width of the pulses; determining the overall required width variation; subdividing the overall required width variation in a determined number of partial variations, the overall sum of which is equivalent to the overall required width variation; and gradually varying the width amplitude of the pulses of the electric voltage by applying in a sequence a corresponding partial variation to each pulse, so that the difference between the width amplitude of a pulse and the width of a following pulse is equivalent to the corresponding partial variation.

Abstract: A method for controlling an electric motor by using the PWM technique; the control method includes the steps of: applying to the clamps of the electric motor an electric voltage varying in time, which displays a square waveform and consists of a sequence of pulses having a uniform wave period and a variable amplitude; adjusting the average value of the electric voltage applied to the clamps of the electric motor by varying the amplitude of the pulses of the electric voltage; determining, in the case of a variation of the amplitude of the pulses, the overall required amplitude variation; subdividing the overall required amplitude variation in a determined number of partial variations, the overall sum of which is equivalent to the overall required amplitude variation; and gradually varying the amplitude of the pulses of the electric voltage by applying in a sequence a corresponding partial variation to each pulse, so that the difference between the amplitude of a pulse and the amplitude of a following pulse is

Abstract: A method of manufacturing and controlling a butterfly valve for an internal combustion engine; the manufacturing and control method includes the steps of: establishing a maximum gaseous flow rate value which may flow through the feeding pipe when the butterfly plate is in the closing position; determining a conventional closing position at which the gaseous flow rate which flows through the feeding pipe is essentially equal to the maximum gaseous flow rate value; driving an actuator device so as not to normally pass the conventional closing position; and dimensioning the position of a catch element, so that when a rotational shaft abuts against the catch element the gaseous flow rate which flows through the feeding pipe is essentially lower than the maximum gaseous flow rate value.