Abstract: Producing a food testing sensor electrode, using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated, sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the carbon pre-cursor material, the first laser beam selected to create carbon foam in the sub-surface region and a carbon-based material above the carbon foam; and a second laser beam to remove or ablate the carbon-based material sitting above the carbon foam, the second laser beam being to expose or alter at least some of the carbon foam, to produce a resultant carbon foam material; and functionalising the resultant carbon foam material by adding a receptor or recognition element that is specific to a target or analyte to the resultant carbon foam material or a linker that is attached to the resultant carbon foam material; and providing the functionalised carbon foam material for use as a sensor electrode in an assay device.

Abstract: There is provided a method of forming a 3D graphene material made up of folded 2D sheets that are each made up of a single layer of carbon atoms, the 3D graphene material being a carbon material including bent sp2 carbon-carbon bonds, the method comprising: providing a carbon source on a surface of a substrate, the carbon source comprising carbon-containing material; and exposing at least a portion of the carbon source to a laser beam to convert at least a portion of the carbon source into 3D graphene material that adheres to the substrate via an interface layer formed by the laser beam, the interface layer bonding the 3D graphene material to the substrate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D:peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of producing a human health diagnostics biosensor electrode, using a first laser beam configured to irradiate an encapsulated, sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the carbon pre-cursor material, the first laser beam creating carbon foam in that encapsulated, sub-surface region and a carbon-based material above the carbon foam; and using a second laser beam configured to remove or ablate the carbon-based material sitting above the carbon foam, the second laser beam exposing or altering some of the carbon foam, to produce a resultant carbon foam material; and adding a receptor or biorecognition element that is specific to a target or analyte to the resultant carbon foam material or a linker that is attached to the resultant carbon foam material; providing the carbon foam material for use as a biosensor electrode in an assay device, e.g., an electrochemical assay device, for human health diagnostics.

Abstract: A method of producing an animal health diagnostics biosensor electrode, comprising (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate a sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the carbon pre-cursor material, parameters of the first laser beam creating carbon foam in that sub-surface region and a carbon-based material above the carbon foam; (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the carbon-based material sitting above the carbon foam, parameters of the second laser beam exposing/altering some of the carbon foam, to produce a resultant carbon foam material; (c) functionalizing the resultant carbon foam material by adding a receptor/biorecognition element to a target or analyte to the resultant carbon foam material or a linker that is attached to the resultant carbon foam material; (d) providing the functionalized carbon foam material as a biosensor electrode configured for animal health diagnostics.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D:peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of producing an agricultural testing sensor electrode, using a first laser beam configured to irradiate an encapsulated, sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the carbon pre-cursor material, the first laser beam creating carbon foam in that encapsulated, sub-surface region and a carbon-based material above the carbon foam; and using a second laser beam configured to remove or ablate the carbon-based material sitting above the carbon foam, the second laser beam exposing or altering some of the carbon foam, to produce a resultant carbon foam material; and adding a receptor or recognition element specific to a target or analyte to the resultant carbon foam material or a linker that is attached to the resultant carbon foam material; providing the carbon foam material for use as a sensor electrode in an assay device, e.g., an electrochemical assay device, for agricultural testing.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a component for an atomising device is disclosed; the component is made substantially of carbon foam. The method includes the step of using a high temperature process generated by a laser beam directed at a carbon-based pre-cursor material, such as a polymer or polyimide sheet material, to manufacture the carbon foam component. The component is electrically conductive, non-metallic and porous to e-liquid. The component can be a carbon foam based component that functions as both a wicking element and also a heating element.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of producing a heating structure, comprising the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam configured to irradiate an encapsulated, sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the carbon pre-cursor material, parameters of the first laser beam being selected to create carbon foam in that encapsulated, sub-surface region and a carbon-based material above the carbon foam; and (b) using a second laser beam configured to remove or ablate the carbon-based material sitting above the carbon foam, parameters of the second laser beam being selected to expose or alter at least some of the carbon foam, to produce a resultant carbon foam material; and (c) configuring the resultant carbon foam material for use as an electrically conductive heating structure.

Abstract: A symmetric supercapacitor device comprising two electrodes, wherein each electrode comprises graphene, and a hydrogel electrolyte enveloping the electrodes in an active area, produces an enhanced operational voltage window. The graphene may be 3D graphene. The electrolyte may comprise a high molarity salt. The electrodes may have an interdigitated geometry.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D:peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a carbon nanostructure, such as a carbon foam material, is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of: (a) using a first laser beam to irradiate an encapsulated or sub-surface region of a carbon pre-cursor material below a surface of the material, to create carbon foam in that sub-surface region, and a disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material above the carbon foam, and then (b) using a second laser beam to remove or ablate the disorganised, amorphous non-graphene material sitting above the carbon foam, to expose at least some of the carbon foam. The resultant carbon foam material shows a significant D peak; the 2D peak is significantly less than the G peak; and the peak D: peak G ratio is significantly above zero. In appearance and Raman signature, it appears similar to a carbon nano-onion material. It can be used in biosensors, supercapacitors and pseudo-capacitors.