Abstract: MEMs-based variable blazed gratings are provided for passive or active phase modulation and beam control in LIDAR among other applications. A system and method for modulating light uses a microelectromechanical structure having deformable diffractive elements. The light is directed to the diffractive elements which act to reflect the light as planar mirrors. Applying a predetermined electrostatic force corresponding to each diffractive element flexes each diffractive element independently from other diffractive elements. Each diffractive element is either flexed continuously through a range of deflected positions or held stably at a single deflected position to interfere with the light through phase changes imparted according to the laws of diffraction.

Abstract: A polymer compound comprising as a constitutional unit a residue of a compound represented by the following general formula: wherein n is an integer of 1 to 4; m and mm are 0 or 1; Ar1 represents an arylene group or a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group; Ar2 and Ar4 represent an arylene group, a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group or a divalent group obtained by linking two or more identical or different groups selected from the group consisting of an arylene group and a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group; Ar3, Ar5, Ar6 and Ar7 each independently represent an aryl group or a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group; RA represents an alkyl group, an aryl group or a monovalent aromatic heterocyclic group.

Abstract: A polymer compound comprising a first constitutional unit represented by formula (1), a second constitutional unit represented by formula (2), and at least one constitutional unit selected from the group consisting of a third constitutional unit represented by formula (3) and a fourth constitutional unit represented by formula (4).