Abstract: An electrochemical oxidative method destroys recalcitrant contaminants in an aqueous solution. The aqueous solution is directed to an electrochemical reactor with an anode and a cathode. A pulsating voltage is delivered across the anode and cathode generating a pulsating current to decrease energy consumption urging the recalcitrant contaminants in the aqueous solution to contact the anode and breaking strong bonds of the recalcitrant contaminants when they contact the anode.

Abstract: A method of coating a substrate, the method comprises adding a nanocarbon material to an electrophoretic solution in an electrophoretic deposition apparatus including the substrate and an electrode spaced from the substrate, and applying a current to the substrate and the electrode to deposit the nanocarbon material onto the substrate.

Abstract: A battery includes a first chamber with a first electrode and a second chamber with a second electrode. An intercalation membrane between the first chamber and the second chamber is configured to retain an electrolyte in the first chamber and to accept therein migrating ions of the electrolyte in the presence of an electrical field and lose mechanical integrity permitting the electrolyte to enter the second chamber in order to activate the battery.

Abstract: A dewatering apparatus for cellulosic materials includes a chamber for an aqueous solution of a cellulosic material, an inner electrode in the chamber, an outer electrode in the chamber about the inner electrode, and a power supply connected to the inner electrode and the outer electrode applying a voltage potential across the electrodes to remove water associated with the aqueous solution and to dewater the cellulosic materials.

Abstract: A dewatering apparatus for cellulosic materials includes a chamber for an aqueous solution of a cellulosic material, an inner electrode in the chamber, an outer electrode in the chamber about the inner electrode, and a power supply connected to the inner electrode and the outer electrode applying a voltage potential across the electrodes to remove water associated with the aqueous solution and to dewater the cellulosic materials.

Abstract: A dewatering apparatus for cellulosic materials includes a chamber for an aqueous solution of a cellulosic material, an inner electrode in the chamber, an outer electrode in the chamber about the inner electrode, and a power supply connected to the inner electrode and the outer electrode applying a voltage potential across the electrodes to remove water associated with the aqueous solution and to dewater the cellulosic materials.

Abstract: A method of coating a substrate, the method comprises adding a nanocarbon material to an electrophoretic solution in an electrophoretic deposition apparatus including the substrate and an electrode spaced from the substrate, and applying a current to the substrate and the electrode to deposit the nanocarbon material onto the substrate.

Abstract: A method of coating a substrate includes adding ion erosion resistant particles, conductive particles, and a binder to an electrophoretic solution in an electrophoretic deposition apparatus including the substrate and a cathode spaced from the substrate. A current is applied to the substrate and cathode to deposit a first layer coating including the erosion resistant particles, the conductive particles, and the binder onto the substrate. The method further includes adding a low work function material to an electrolyte solution in an electrolytic deposition apparatus including the substrate and a cathode spaced from the substrate. A current is applied to the substrate and the cathode to deposit a second layer coating including the low work function material onto the substrate.

Abstract: The problem of high rate electrodeposition of metals such as copper during electrowinning operations or high rate charging of lithium or zinc electrodes for rechargeable battery applications while avoiding the adverse effects of dendrite formation such as causing short-circuiting and/or poor deposit morphology is solved by pulse reverse current electrodeposition or charging whereby the forward cathodic (electrodeposition or charging) pulse current is “tuned” to minimize dendrite formation for example by creating a smaller pulsating boundary layer and thereby minimizing mass transport effects leading to surface asperities and the subsequent reverse anodic (electropolishing) pulse current is “tuned” to eliminate the micro- and macro-asperities leading to dendrites.

Abstract: The problem of high rate electrodeposition of metals such as copper during electrowinning operations or high rate charging of lithium or zinc electrodes for rechargeable battery applications while avoiding the adverse effects of dendrite formation such as causing short-circuiting and/or poor deposit morphology is solved by pulse reverse current electrodeposition or charging whereby the forward cathodic (electrodeposition or charging) pulse current is “tuned” to minimize dendrite formation for example by creating a smaller pulsating boundary layer and thereby minimizing mass transport effects leading to surface asperities and the subsequent reverse anodic (electropolishing) pulse current is “tuned” to eliminate the micro- and macro-asperities leading to dendrites.

Abstract: The problem of high rate electrodeposition of metals such as copper during electrowinning operations or high rate charging of lithium or zinc electrodes for rechargeable battery applications while avoiding the adverse effects of dendrite formation such as causing short-circuiting and/or poor deposit morphology is solved by pulse reverse current electrodeposition or charging whereby the forward cathodic (electrodeposition or charging) pulse current is “tuned” to minimize dendrite formation for example by creating a smaller pulsating boundary layer and thereby minimizing mass transport effects leading to surface asperities and the subsequent reverse anodic (electropolishing) pulse current is “tuned” to eliminate the micro- and macro-asperities leading to dendrites.

Abstract: A method of plating a workpiece, the method includes electrochemically removing any oxide on the surface of the workpiece by applying a first waveform to the workpiece and a cathode both placed in a first electrolyte solution, and electroplating the workpiece surface by applying a second waveform to the workpiece and an anode both placed in a second electrolyte solution including a plating material.

Abstract: A dewatering apparatus for cellulosic materials includes a chamber for an aqueous solution of a cellulosic material, an inner electrode in the chamber, an outer electrode in the chamber about the inner electrode, and a power supply connected to the inner electrode and the outer electrode applying a voltage potential across the electrodes to remove water associated with the aqueous solution and to dewater the cellulosic materials.

Abstract: A system and method of operating an electrochemical mirror for reversibly controlling the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. The mirror preferably includes a first electrode transmissive substrate which is substantially transparent to the electromagnetic radiation, a second electrode, and an electrolyte containing metal ions between the pair of electrodes. A first cathodic potential is applied across the electrodes to cause the metal ions from the electrolyte to electrodeposit a mirror film on the first electrode transmissive substrate. A second anodic potential is applied across the electrodes to oxidize and strip the metallic mirror film from the first electrode transmissive electrode. After a plurality of deposition and stripping cycles, a cleaning cycle is initiated to remove undissolved reflective material on the first electrode preferably by applying a third potential across the first and second electrodes which is increased to a fourth potential and then decreased back to the third potential.

Abstract: The problem of high rate electrodeposition of metals such as copper during electrowinning operations or high rate charging of lithium or zinc electrodes for rechargeable battery applications while avoiding the adverse effects of dendrite formation such as causing short-circuiting and/or poor deposit morphology is solved by pulse reverse current electrodeposition or charging whereby the forward cathodic (electrodeposition or charging) pulse current is “tuned” to minimize dendrite formation for example by creating a smaller pulsating boundary layer and thereby minimizing mass transport effects leading to surface asperities and the subsequent reverse anodic (electropolishing) pulse current is “tuned” to eliminate the micro- and macro-asperities leading to dendrites.

Abstract: A system and method of operating an electrochemical mirror for reversibly controlling the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. The mirror preferably includes a first electrode transmissive substrate which is substantially transparent to the electromagnetic radiation, a second electrode, and an electrolyte containing metal ions between the pair of electrodes. A first cathodic potential is applied across the electrodes to cause the metal ions from the electrolyte to electrodeposit a mirror film on the first electrode transmissive substrate. A second anodic potential is applied across the electrodes to oxidize and strip the metallic mirror film from the first electrode transmissive electrode. After a plurality of deposition and stripping cycles, a cleaning cycle is initiated to remove undissolved reflective material on the first electrode preferably by applying a third potential across the first and second electrodes which is increased to a fourth potential and then decreased back to the third potential.

Abstract: A system for recycling machined metal produced by an electrochemical material removal process. The system includes a machining unit and an electrowinning unit. The machining unit includes an anode to receive a workpiece, a cathode tool, and a first pulse generator to provide a voltage or current waveform between the anode and the cathode tool. The electrowinning unit includes an electrowinning cathode, an electrowinning anode, and a second pulse generator to provide a voltage or current waveform between the electrowinning anode and the electrowinning cathode. The machining unit is in fluid communication with the electrowinning unit.

Abstract: A system for recycling machined metal produced by an electrochemical material removal process. The system includes a machining unit and an electrowinning unit. The machining unit includes an anode to receive a workpiece, a cathode tool, and a first pulse generator to provide a voltage or current waveform between the anode and the cathode tool. The electrowinning unit includes an electrowinning cathode, an electrowinning anode, and a second pulse generator to provide a voltage or current waveform between the electrowinning anode and the electrowinning cathode. The machining unit is in fluid communication with the electrowinning unit.

Abstract: A method and system for electrochemically machining a hollow body of a metal or a metal alloy. An electrode is positioned within a hollow body including a metal or metal alloy, where the hollow body has a variable internal diameter. The hollow body is oriented vertically, with the electrode oriented vertically therein. The hollow body is at least partially filled with an aqueous, acidic electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution being devoid of hydrofluoric acid and having a viscosity less than 15 cP. An electric current is passed between the hollow body and the electrode, where the electric current includes a plurality of anodic pulses and a plurality of cathodic pulses, and where the cathodic pulses are interposed between at least some of the anodic pulses.

Abstract: A method and system for electrochemically machining a hollow body of a metal or a metal alloy. An electrode is positioned within a hollow body including a metal or metal alloy, where the hollow body has a variable internal diameter. The hollow body is oriented vertically, with the electrode oriented vertically therein. The hollow body is at least partially filled with an aqueous, acidic electrolyte solution, the electrolyte solution being devoid of hydrofluoric acid and having a viscosity less than 15 cP. An electric current is passed between the hollow body and the electrode, where the electric current includes a plurality of anodic pulses and a plurality of cathodic pulses, and where the cathodic pulses are interposed between at least some of the anodic pulses.