Abstract: The present invention measures one's spatial orientation and spatial navigation abilities by measuring one's perspective taking ability (PTA). PTA can be measured using a 3D PTA assessment tool to apply a test mode in a 3D virtual reality (VR) setting. For each trial in the test mode, the test subject is given a first set of instructions to mentally re-orient himself with respect to an avatar's perspective in the 3D VR setting. A delay condition is added to allow time for mental re-orientation. After the delay ends, the test subject is then given a second set of instructions to point an input device in the direction of a target object. Each response to the second set of instructions is tracked. Furthermore, the response time and accuracy of each response are measured.