Abstract: The present invention reduces pain and improves function long-term in persons with back pain using electrical stimulation in the back. This approach involves an electrical stimulation device including at least one electrode adapted for insertion within an animal body with back pain and at least one pulse generator operatively coupled with the at least one electrode, wherein the pulse generator delivers electrical stimulation activating at least a nerve innervating at least a paraspinal muscle in a back of the animal body for pain relief.

Abstract: Biomedical implants, regenerative scaffolds, and compositions comprise a substrate with a coating, a scaffold, and/or a carrier composition which include anisotropic nanoparticles in or on the coating, scaffold or carrier, to inhibit fibrosis, scarring, and/or fibrotic contracture, or the formation of adhesions, in a tissue contacting or administered the same. In some embodiments the nanoparticles may be electrically conductive nanoparticles such as multi wall carbon nanotubes.