Abstract: The present invention relates to the activation of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PADs) 1 and/or 3 in the epidermis by at least one active agent used alone or in combination, namely caffeine, acefylline and/or theobromine in a cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical composition. The present invention also relates to the use of the aforementioned active agents in cosmetics and/or therapeutics, alone or in combination, in order to improve the barrier functions of the epidermis, to prevent and/or treat symptoms related to dry skin or to improve and/or promote hydration of the keratinous layer. Finally, the invention relates to increasing the activity of PAD1 and/or PAD3 in the epidermis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the activation of peptidyl arginine deiminase (PADs) 1 and/or 3 in the epidermis by at least one active agent used alone or in combination, namely caffeine, acefylline and/or theobromine in a cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical composition. The present invention also relates to the use of the aforementioned active agents in cosmetics and/or therapeutics, alone or in combination, in order to improve the barrier functions of the epidermis, to prevent and/or treat symptoms related to dry skin or to improve and/or promote hydration of the keratinous layer. Finally, the invention relates to increasing the activity of PAD1 and/or PAD3 in the epidermis.

Abstract: A CS31A protein capsule subunit having an aminoacid sequence modified by at least one heterologous peptide, the CS31A protein capsule comprising said subunit, and micro-organisms having the CS31A protein capsule with its subunit aminoacid sequence modified by at least one heterologous peptide, are disclosed. Methods for preparing said subunits, CS31A protein capsules comprising same, and micro-organisms having CS31A protein capsules, as well as the use thereof for preparing vaccines, producing peptides and preparing immunoassays, are also disclosed.