Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes: a factual attribute determining unit that determines a factual attribute that can be confirmed to be a fact with respect to a user based on user-provided data having been provided by the user oneself or history data of the user; an inferred attribute determining unit which determines an inferred attribute having been inferred with respect to the user based on user-related data including at least the factual attribute related to the user; and a credit score inferring unit that infers a credit score to be set to the user based on an attribute data group including the factual attribute and the inferred attribute related to the user.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin. The binder resin comprises an amorphous resin A and a crystalline resin C. T1, T2 and T3 satisfy specific relationships, where, in a viscoelasticity measurement of the toner, T1 (° C.) represents a temperature at which a storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×107 Pa, T2 (° C.) represents temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 1.0×107 Pa, and T3 (° C.) represents a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×106 Pa. A storage elastic modulus G? (100) at 100° C. is in a specific range. In an observation of a cross section of the toner, a matrix-domain structure having a matrix by the crystalline resin C and domains by the amorphous resin A is observed, an area ratio and a number-basis average surface area of the domains are in specific ranges.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a binder resin, wherein T1, T2, T3, tan ?(T2), and tan ?(T2?10) satisfy expressions (1) to (4): T3?T1?10 ??(1) 50?T2?70 ??(2) 0.30?tan ?(T2)?1.00 ??(3) 1.00?tan ?(T2)/tan ?(T2?10)?1.90 ??(4). Where, in measurement of viscoelasticity of the toner, T1(° C.) represents a temperature at which a storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×107 Pa, T2(° C.) represents a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 1.0×107 Pa, T3(° C.) represents a temperature at which the storage elastic modulus G? is 3.0×106 Pa, tan ?(T2) represents a ratio (tan ?) of a loss elastic modulus G? to the storage elastic modulus G? at the temperature T2(° C.), and tan ?(T2?10) represents the ratio (tan ?) at a temperature: T2?10(° C.).

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a resin, wherein, where a chloroform-soluble component of the resin is analyzed by gradient LC analysis using acetonitrile as a poor solvent and chloroform as a good solvent for the chloroform-soluble component of the resin, a peak detected in a range of a ratio of chloroform in the mobile phase of 50.0 to 75.0% by volume and a peak detected in a range of a ratio of chloroform in the mobile phase of 75.0 to 95.0% by volume satisfy a specific relationship.

Abstract: A nonmagnetic toner comprises a nonmagnetic toner particle. The nonmagnetic toner particle comprises a crystalline resin A, an amorphous resin B, and a colorant. The crystalline resin A has a monomer unit (a). the amorphous resin B has a monomer unit (b). A content of the crystalline resin A in the nonmagnetic toner is 10.0 to 58.0 mass %. The sum of the contents of the crystalline resin A and the amorphous resin B in the nonmagnetic toner is 65.0 mass % or more. A content of the monomer unit (a) in the crystalline resin A is 50.0 to 100.0 mass %. Using SPA [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the crystalline resin A and using SPB [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the amorphous resin B, SPA and SPB satisfy 0.15?SPB?SPA?2.00.

Abstract: A magnetic toner comprising a toner particle, the toner particle comprising a magnetic body, a crystalline resin A, and an amorphous resin B. The crystalline resin A has a monomer unit (a). The amorphous resin B has a monomer unit (b). A content of the crystalline resin A in the toner is 6.2 to 77.0 mass %. The sum of contents of the crystalline resin A and the amorphous resin B in the toner is 30.0 mass % or more. A content of the monomer unit (a) in the crystalline resin A is 50.0 to 100.0 mass %. Using SPA [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the crystalline resin A and using SPB [(J/cm3)0.5] for a SP value of the amorphous resin B, SPA and SPB satisfy 0.15?SPB?SPA?2.00.

Abstract: A system for processing a waste lithium-ion battery includes: a first aqueous solution generator that includes a first elution tank storing water, and that immerses an active material taken out from the waste lithium-ion battery in the water in the first elution tank and subjects the active material to carbon dioxide bubbling in the first elution tank to generate an aqueous solution of pH 5.5 to 8.5, in which lithium contained in the active material is eluted; a first solid-liquid separator that removes a solid component from the aqueous solution generated by the first aqueous solution generator; a first crystallizer that causes lithium carbonate to be deposited from the aqueous solution, from which the solid component has been removed by the first solid-liquid separator; and a second solid-liquid separator that performs solid-liquid separation on slurry containing the lithium carbonate deposited in the first crystallizer to take out the lithium carbonate.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device for supplying a toner onto the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the developing device having the toner, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the toner has a toner particle, the toner particle has a core comprising a binder resin (B) and a wax and a shell layer formed on a surface of the core, the binder resin (A) has a prescribed structure: the wax comprises a prescribed monoester compound: and a process cartridge.

Abstract: A waste lithium-ion battery roasting apparatus includes: a transport mechanism including a cylindrical body, the cylindrical body containing an internal atmosphere that is a reducing atmosphere or a low-oxygen atmosphere; a heating mechanism that heats an outer wall of the cylindrical body to increase an internal temperature of the cylindrical body, and controls heating temperatures individually at which the heating mechanism heats the outer wall at different respective positions in a transporting direction in which the transport mechanism transports a waste lithium-ion battery; and a controller that controls the heating temperatures, at which the heating mechanism heats the outer wall, in accordance with a transporting speed at which the transport mechanism transports the waste lithium-ion battery, such that a temperature increase rate of the waste lithium-ion battery transported inside the cylindrical body is a predetermined temperature increase rate.

Abstract: A toner containing a toner particle that contains a binder resin and a crystalline material, wherein, in measurement of powder dynamic viscoelasticity of the toner, when T(A)° C. is taken as an onset temperature for a storage elastic modulus E? obtained at a ramp rate of 20° C./min, EA?(100) Pa is taken as a storage elastic modulus at 100° C. obtained at a ramp rate of 20° C./min, and T(B)° C. is taken as an onset temperature for a storage elastic modulus E? obtained at a ramp rate of 5° C./min, T(A)?T(B) is 3.0° C. or less, T(A) is from 45.0° C. to 70.0° C., and EA?(100) is from 4.0×109 Pa to 6.5×109 Pa.

Abstract: A system for and a method of processing a waste lithium-ion battery make it possible to improve heat treatment efficiency and to heat-treat a large-sized waste lithium-ion battery without disassembling the battery. One example of the system for processing a waste lithium-ion battery includes a heater that heat-treats a waste lithium-ion battery at a heating temperature of lower than 400° C. to decompose and remove an electrolyte solution from the waste lithium-ion battery.

Abstract: A toner comprises a toner particle comprising a resin A and a resin B, wherein the resin A has a structure represented by a predetermined general formula, and the resin B has a monomer unit represented by a predetermined general formula, and a toner manufacturing method comprises a step of dispersing a toner base particle comprising the resin B in an aqueous medium to obtain a toner slurry, and a step of adding a radical polymerization initiator and a monomer composition comprising a monomer represented by a predetermined general formula to the resulting toner slurry to form the resin A on a surface of the toner base particle.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin and a magnetic body, wherein in cross-sectional observation of the toner with a transmission electron microscope, where an area percentage occupied by the magnetic body in a region of 200 nm or less from a contour of a cross section of the toner particle to a centroid of the cross section is taken as A1, and an area percentage occupied by the magnetic body in a region of from 200 nm to 400 nm from the contour of the cross section of the toner particle to the centroid of the cross section is taken as A2, the area percentage A1 is from 38% to 85%, the area percentage A2 is from 0% to 37%, and a ratio A2/A1 of the area percentage A2 to the area percentage A1 is from 0 to 0.75.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin, wherein the toner is such that (1) when a powder dynamic viscoelasticity measurement method is used, a measurement start temperature is set to 25° C., and a ramp rate is set to 20° C./min, on a curve of a storage elastic modulus E? (Pa) where a temperature (° C.) is plotted against an abscissa and the storage elastic modulus E? is plotted against an ordinate, a temperature at a time when the E? at a start of a measurement has decreased by 50% is from 60° C. to 90° C., and (2) a load at a yield point of a displacement-load curve which is determined by a nanoindentation method and where a load (mN) is plotted against an ordinate and a displacement amount (?m) is plotted against an abscissa, is 0.80 mN or more; and a method for producing thereof.

Abstract: A toner including a toner particle including a binder resin and a crystalline material, wherein in powder dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of the toner, where an onset temperature of a storage elastic modulus E? obtained when a temperature is raised at 20° C./min is denoted by T(A)° C., and an onset temperature of a storage elastic modulus E? obtained when a temperature is raised at 5° C./min is denoted by T(B)° C., T(A)?T(B) is 3.0° C. or less, in DSC of the toner, a peak temperature of a maximum endothermic peak is from 50.0° C. to 90.0° C., and an amount of a tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component in the binder resin is from 15% by mass to 60% by mass.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle including a binder resin and a colorant and an external additive, wherein the external additive contains an external additive A having a Feret diameter of 60 to 200 nm, the external additive A is inorganic fine particles or organic-inorganic composite fine particles, adhesion index of the external additive A to the toner is 0.00 to 3.00, and penetration depth b and protrusion height c satisfy Relational expressions (1) and (2) below, where b (nm) denotes penetration depth of the external additive A, at a portion of the external additive A penetrating into the toner particle interior from the surface thereof, and c (nm) denotes a protrusion height of the external additive A at that portion, in an observation of an image resulting from image processing of a cross section of the toner using TEM; 60?b+c?200??(1), 0.15?b/(b+c)?0.30??(2).

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device that has a toner and supplies the toner onto the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the binder resin (A) comprises a specific structure, the toner comprises a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin (B) and a wax, and the wax comprises a prescribed diester compound; and a process cartridge and a cartridge set.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device comprising a toner, the developing device being for supplying the toner to the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the binder resin (A) comprises a specific structure, the toner comprises a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin (B) and a wax, and the wax has a value ?p(w) of a polarity term based on Hansen solubility parameters of 1.8 (J/cm3)0.5 to 2.5 (J/cm3)0.5, as well as a process cartridge, a cartridge set and an image forming method.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device that has a toner and supplies the toner onto the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the binder resin (A) comprises a specific structure, the toner comprises a toner particle, the toner particle comprises a binder resin (B) and a wax, and the wax comprises a prescribed diester compound; and a process cartridge and a cartridge set.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a developing device for supplying a toner onto the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the developing device having the toner, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a surface layer comprising a binder resin (A), the toner has a toner particle, the toner particle has a core comprising a binder resin (B) and a wax and a shell layer formed on a surface of the core, the binder resin (A) has a prescribed structure: the wax comprises a prescribed monoester compound: and a process cartridge.