Abstract: In various examples, the subject matter of this disclosure relates to a wear layer for flooring applications and related methods of manufacture. The wear layer can include a PVC resin and a stabilizer comprising CaZn mixed with the PVC resin. The wear layer can have a Shore D hardness of at least about 72 and/or a modulus of elasticity of at least about 1600 MPa. The wear layer can be characterized by an absence of plasticizer (e.g., adipates, phthalates (e.g., diisononyl phthalate or DINP), terephthalates (e.g., dioctyl terephthalate or DOTP), or 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH)) and tin-based stabilizer.