Abstract: A method of determining extent and type of capacity fade of an electrochemical cell in one embodiment includes identifying a first volume fraction of an active material in an electrode, identifying a first capacity of the first electrode at another time, identifying a second volume fraction of the first active material based upon the first capacity, identifying a first amount of the first active material lost from the first time to the second time based upon the first volume fraction and the second volume fraction, identifying a third volume fraction of an active material in another electrode, identifying a second capacity of the second electrode at a later time, identifying a fourth volume fraction of the second active material based upon the second capacity, and identifying a second amount of the second active material lost based upon the third volume fraction and the fourth volume fraction.

Abstract: A gas sensor for sensing the gas concentration in a measured gas mixture, particularly of a nitrogen compound, having a solid electrolyte which connects a first and a second electrode in an ion-conducting manner, the first electrode having a high activity with respect to oxidation or reduction of the gas component that is to be sensed, and the second electrode having a slight activity in this regard. The influence on the activity with regard to oxidation or reduction of the gas component to be determined, due to free oxygen present in the measured gas mixture, is approximately equally strongly pronounced at both electrodes.

Abstract: A sensor element for determining different gas components in a test gas, in particular in an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, including a lambda sensor for determining an oxygen content in the test gas, at least one semiconductor gas sensor for determining at least one further gas component in the test gas, and a multiplexer which is connected to the semiconductor gas sensor.

Abstract: The invention relates to an energy storage, containing at least one battery cell, and at least one Zener diode being disposed parallel to the at least one battery cell, wherein the cathode of the Zener diode is connected to the plus terminal of at least one battery cell, and the anode is connected to the minus terminal of at least one battery cell.

Abstract: A method of determining extent and type of capacity fade of an electrochemical cell in one embodiment includes identifying a first volume fraction of an active material in an electrode, identifying a first capacity of the first electrode at another time, identifying a second volume fraction of the first active material based upon the first capacity, identifying a first amount of the first active material lost from the first time to the second time based upon the first volume fraction and the second volume fraction, identifying a third volume fraction of an active material in another electrode, identifying a second capacity of the second electrode at a later time, identifying a fourth volume fraction of the second active material based upon the second capacity, and identifying a second amount of the second active material lost based upon the third volume fraction and the fourth volume fraction.

Abstract: A sensor element is provided for a gas sensor for determining the concentration of an oxidizable gas component, especially ammonia, in a measuring gas, in particular in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, the sensor element having at least one measuring electrode acted upon by the measuring gas. To eliminate the sensitivity of the sensor element with respect to nitrogen oxides, measuring-gas volumes acting on the measuring electrode are routed through a means for absorbing nitrogen oxides in the form of a regenerative nitrogen-oxide trap.

Abstract: A gas sensor, particularly an ammonia sensor, having a first sensor cell that is made up of a solid electrolyte, a first measuring electrode that is to be exposed to the measuring gas and a second measuring electrode. In order to reduce an NOx cross-sensitivity of the sensor, it is distinguished by the first measuring electrode being covered by a catalytic converter for the chemical conversion of nitrogen oxides.

Abstract: A gas sensor for sensing the gas concentration in a measured gas mixture, particularly of a nitrogen compound, having a solid electrolyte which connects a first and a second electrode in an ion-conducting manner, the first electrode having a high activity with respect to oxidation or reduction of the gas component that is to be sensed, and the second electrode having a slight activity in this regard. The influence on the activity with regard to oxidation or reduction of the gas component to be determined, due to free oxygen present in the measured gas mixture, is approximately equally strongly pronounced at both electrodes.

Abstract: A sensor element for determining different gas components in a test gas, in particular in an exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, including a lambda sensor for determining an oxygen content in the test gas, at least one semiconductor gas sensor for determining at least one further gas component in the test gas, and a multiplexer which is connected to the semiconductor gas sensor.

Abstract: A sensor for measuring a gas component concentration in a mixture comprises a ion conductor solid electrolyte and electrodes separated therefrom, wherein the external electrode is exposed to the mixture and the internal electrode is arranged in a hollow chamber separated from the mixture by a diffusion barrier and the invention is characterized in that the external electrode is provided with a solid body for forming the mixture potential.