Abstract: Disclosed herein are chemical sensors that include high aspect copper structures and methods for using the chemical sensor to detect the presence of chemical species. In a specific embodiment, the chemical sensor can include: a substrate; a film, where the film includes one or more copper cystine biocomposites, and where the film is at least partially disposed on one or more surfaces of the substrate; a light source, where the light source irradiates the one or more copper structures; and a detector, where the detector receives light reflected from the one or more copper cystine biocomposites, and where the detector detects a change in light polarization when the one or more copper structures contact one or more chemical species.

Abstract: The invention is an electromagnetic probe used in conjunction with a ferrofluid containng M particles. The electromagnetic probe is used to steer M-particles to a desired location, or use the M particles for mixing the ferrofluid. The probe can be used in conjunction with a microscope, a micromanipulator, a catheter or endoscope.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: wherein R1 and R2 are alkyl of 1-8 carbons have been shown to have both neuroprotective and analgesic activities. The compounds of the invention may be used in treatment of conditions that would normally result in neuronal damage, including those arising on account of cerebral ischemia/hypoxia or increase in intracranial pressure such as neoplasms, stroke, meningitis or trauma and for treatment of pain. Compositions of the invention can also be useful for treatment of toxin-related damage such as drug over-dose or exposure to toxins in the environment.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are alkyl of 1-8 carbons have been shown to have both neuroprotective and analgesic activities. The compounds of the invention may be used in treatment of conditions that would normally result in neuronal damage, including those arising on account of cerebral ischemia/hypoxia or increase in intracranial pressure such as neoplasms, stroke, meningitis or trauma. Compositions of the invention can also be useful for treatment of toxin-related damage such as drug over-dose or exposure to toxins in the environment.