Abstract: A method of detecting metallic lithium present on an electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery includes depositing a lithium-reactive solution including an oxidized fluorescent dye onto the electrode to form a coated electrode. Concurrent to depositing, the method includes reducing the oxidized fluorescent dye to form a reduced dye and a plurality of lithium ions. The method further includes, after reducing, drying the coated electrode to again form the oxidized fluorescent dye. After drying, the method includes exposing the oxidized fluorescent dye to ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of from 100 nm to 500 nm to thereby illuminate and detect the metallic lithium. A lithium ion secondary battery system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method of detecting metallic lithium present on an electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery includes depositing a lithium-reactive solution including an oxidized fluorescent dye onto the electrode to form a coated electrode. Concurrent to depositing, the method includes reducing the oxidized fluorescent dye to form a reduced dye and a plurality of lithium ions. The method further includes, after reducing, drying the coated electrode to again form the oxidized fluorescent dye. After drying, the method includes exposing the oxidized fluorescent dye to ultraviolet radiation having a wavelength of from 100 nm to 500 nm to thereby illuminate and detect the metallic lithium. A lithium ion secondary battery system is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to treating fluid to at least reduce selenium content within the fluid. The treating includes conditioning stages to alter a composition of the fluid prior to removal of the selenium content from the fluid. The composition of the fluid after the conditioning stages facilitates the removal of the selenium content or at least limits detrimental impact to selenium removal efficiency.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to treating fluid to at least reduce selenium content within the fluid. The treating includes conditioning stages to alter a composition of the fluid prior to removal of the selenium content from the fluid. The composition of the fluid after the conditioning stages facilitates the removal of the selenium content or at least limits detrimental impact to selenium removal efficiency.

Abstract: A support impregnated with selenium and capable of effectively removing a heavy metal from a process stream that is at an ambient temperature or is at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: Described herein is a cost effective means for selenium recovery and refining relying on an impregnated substrate. The substrate is impregnated with selenium and provides a system and method for the environmentally safe discharge of previous selenium-contaminated solutions and an environmentally safe discharge of industrial waste water.

Abstract: Synthesis of a support material impregnated with silver sulfide provides a sorbent composition. Generating the silver sulfide relies on reaction of sulfur dioxide and one of hydrogen gas and hydrogen sulfide in presence of the support material following silver loading of the support material. Contacting a fluid stream with the sorbent composition removes heavy metal from the fluid stream.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to novel biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants with the produced pyrolysis vapors.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to novel biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants with the pyrolysis vapors. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods and systems to prevent entrainment of particles of char and heat carrier with pyrolysis vapors leaving a reactor, while allowing rapid upgrading of the vapors by catalyst(s) that are held in a an upgrading reactor and protected from contact with the char.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to novel biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants with the produced pyrolysis vapors.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants in the pyrolysis vapors by filtering the vapors in a heated container comprising a moving bed granular filter (MBGF), which in turn, comprises granular heat carrier. The granular heat carrier is heated within the MBGF and fed directly to the pyrolysis reactor, optionally along with filtered solids such as char. In certain embodiments, the MBGF additionally comprises at least one upgrading catalyst that contacts the vapors to produce a hydrocarbon mixture fungible with a petroleum-derived transportation fuel, a hydrocarbon transportation fuel component, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates generally to novel biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants with the pyrolysis vapors.

Abstract: The present disclosure pertains to biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants in the pyrolysis vapors by filtering the vapors in a heated container comprising a moving bed granular filter (MBGF), which in turn, comprises granular heat carrier. The granular heat carrier is heated within the MBGF and fed directly to the pyrolysis reactor, optionally along with filtered solids such as char. In certain embodiments, the MBGF additionally comprises at least one upgrading catalyst that contacts the vapors to produce a hydrocarbon mixture fungible with a petroleum-derived transportation fuel, a hydrocarbon transportation fuel component, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to treating fluid to at least reduce selenium content within the fluid. The treating includes conditioning stages to alter a composition of the fluid prior to removal of the selenium content from the fluid. The composition of the fluid after the conditioning stages facilitates the removal of the selenium content or at least limits detrimental impact to selenium removal efficiency.

Abstract: Described herein is a cost effective method and system for removal of thiosulfate from a solution in-line with a process system. The method and system include passing the solution in contact with an open-structured substrate impregnated with a Group 16 element, which results in removal of thiosulfate from the solution and conversion of the thiosulfate to at least sulfite.

Abstract: Described herein is a cost effective method and system for removal of thiosulfate from a solution in-line with a process system. The method and system include passing the solution in contact with an open-structured substrate impregnated with a Group 16 element, which results in removal of thiosulfate from the solution and conversion of the thiosulfate to at least sulfite.

Abstract: A support impregnated with selenium and capable of effectively removing a heavy metal from a process stream that is at an ambient temperature or is at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to treating fluid to at least reduce selenium content within the fluid. The treating includes conditioning stages to alter a composition of the fluid prior to removal of the selenium content from the fluid. The composition of the fluid after the conditioning stages facilitates the removal of the selenium content or at least limits detrimental impact to selenium removal efficiency.

Abstract: There is provided a method for removing selenium from an aqueous influent, comprising: adding a water-soluble reducing agent to an aqueous influent containing an oxidized selenium compound (Sex, wherein x is the oxidation state and x>0); reducing said Sex using said reducing agent at a temperature; removing said Se0 from said aqueous influent using a sorbent or a technique selected from the group consisting of filtration, coagulation, flocculation, clarification and centrifugation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus relate to treating fluid to at least reduce selenium content within the fluid, which may be an aqueous liquid and form a feed stream. The treating removes selenium that may be present in compounds, such as selenocyanate, from the feed stream based on adsorption from contact of the fluid with a sorbent. Flowing a gaseous hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide containing stream over a support, such as activated carbon, may provide the sorbent impregnated with sulfur and utilized in the treating of the fluid.