Abstract: The embodiments include an array in intimate adjacent contact with a substrate foundation. The array has a plurality of radio frequency (RF) witness films overlain on the substrate foundation. Each RF witness film is a unit cell defined in a three-dimensional coordinate frame of reference, and is centered at an origin of the three-dimensional coordinate frame of reference. Each RF witness film in the plurality of RF witness films is equally-spaced from adjacent RF witness films.

Abstract: A tank car stub sill underframe is assembled by welding together a pair of angles to opposite edges of a longitudinally extending curved plate to form a generally channel-shaped section. The channel-shaped section includes a concave top plate and a pair of vertically extending legs welded to the concave top plate. Each leg includes an outwardly extending, horizontal flange at the base of each leg. The curved plate includes a first portion extending from the end of the car inboard to a point adjacent, but outboard of, the car body bolster in which the curved plate spans the distance between the vertical legs and each of the plate's transverse outer edges engage the upper end of one of the vertical legs. The curved portion includes a second or intermediate portion extending from the inner end of the first portion through the body bolster area and continuing considerably inboard of the bolster area.