Abstract: Provided herein are Mycobacterium smegmatis porin nanopores, systems that comprise these nanopores, and methods of using and making these nanopores. Such nanopores may be wild-type MspA porins, mutant MspA porins, wild-type MspA paralog porins, wild-type MspA homolog porins, mutant MspA paralog porins, mutant MspA homolog porins, or single-chain Msp porins. Also provided are bacterial strains capable of inducible Msp porin expression.

Abstract: A system and method for obtaining information embedded in unstructured text is provided. The method comprising generating computer-readable annotations based on the unstructured text, at least one of the computer-readable annotations comprising an indication of a linguistic feature. A pair of the computer-readable annotations may be used to generate at least one computer-readable relation between the pair. The annotations and/or relations may be stored as characteristic data structures in a database. A query comprising at least one criterion may be received. In response to the query, an information result may be generated based on at least one of the characteristic data structures stored in the database.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program for identifying claims associated with electronic text are provided. In an approach, electronic text is accessed. Linguistic content associated with the electronic text is identified. A linguistic structure is generated based on the linguistic content identified. The linguistic structure is compared to a claim template. A claim is identified based on the comparison.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program for identifying claims associated with electronic text are provided. Electronic text is accessed. Linguistic content associated with the electronic text is identified. A linguistic structure is generated based on the linguistic content identified. The linguistic structure is compared to a claim template. A claim is identified based on the comparison.

Abstract: A cutting mechanism (108) for shredding waste has a planetary gearbox which carries four cutting heads (109) that are in close proximity to one another. The cutting heads (109) are rotated in the same direction by the gearbox (110) so that at a shredding zone between opposed portions of adjacent cutting heads (109), the opposed portions are moving in opposite directions.

Abstract: A waste treatment device includes a sealable chamber having an inlet for receiving waste to be treated and an outlet through which the treated waste is discharged. A cutting mechanism within the sealable chamber shreds the waste and delivers the shredded waste to the chamber outlet. The cutting mechanism includes a planetary gearbox carrying two or more rotating cutting heads which are in close proximity to one another.