Abstract: This invention relates to methods, devices, and systems for preventing complications, including for example, infection associated with any percutaneous or external fixation of bones by placing a pharmacological sleeve over an external fixation element. The pharmacological sleeve may be comprised of a polymer sleeve having one or more internal splines along at least part of the inner surface of the sleeve. The sleeve may be suffused or coated on any or all surfaces with a pharmacological coating which allows accumulation of drugs in the tissue surrounding the external fixation element, thereby reducing potential complications.

Abstract: Many medical implants have roughened surfaces that promote cell, bone or tissue adhesion as well as the adhesion of bone cement, for better affixing of the implants in the body. The roughened surfaces should be free of particulates, such as commonly arise from the blasting of implant surfaces with particulates to produce a desired surface finish. A method of producing implants with implant surfaces free of such particulates is to blast the implant surface with a biocompatible liquid, such as water, under high pressure. Under certain circumstances, a solvent may contain particulates that assist in producing the roughened surface, and the particulates are dissolved, sublimated or vaporized from the implant surface, leaving no particulate residue.