Abstract: In an embodiment, a printing method for forming a conductive line on a plastic substrate for use in an automobile, comprises one or both of inkjet printing and screen printing the conductive line on the plastic substrate while the plastic substrate is fixed in a fixture of an automatic printing machine; the conductive mixture comprises a conductive paste; a solvent; and an adhesion agent; and wherein the conductive line is a busbar, a grid line, or an antenna line in the automobile.

Abstract: A method for forming a conductive trace on a panel can comprise: determining a height between a sensor and a surface of the panel, adjusting the height if the height does not equal a desired height by creating relative motion between the nozzle and the panel, creating relative motion between the nozzle and the panel in the y direction, and dispensing a conductive ink from the nozzle onto the surface of the panel from a piston dispenser at a rate controlled by a flow regulator to form the conductive trace. The sensor can be in operable communication with a controller and be located a distance of less than or equal to 5 mm from a point where a nozzle dispenses the conductive ink onto the panel. The conductive trace has a uniform width.