Abstract: Xanthene compounds are disclosed having fluorescence at multiple wavelengths. Also disclosed are methods for their synthesis and use. Some of the compounds fluoresce at three wavelengths, emitting white light. Uses include the imaging of biological tissues, illumination, and display technologies. Many of the compounds have large Stokes shifts, and are resistant to photobleaching. The fluorescence may be readily distinguished from that of endogenous fluorophores, and from that of most existing, commercially-available fluorescent probes. The compounds are well suited for use in “multiplexing” techniques. They exhibit clear isosbestic and isoemissive points, and have broad absorption and emission ranges.

Abstract: Xanthene compounds are disclosed having fluorescence at multiple wavelengths. Also disclosed are methods for their synthesis and use. Some of the compounds fluoresce at three wavelengths, emitting white light. Uses include the imaging of biological tissues, illumination, and display technologies. Many of the compounds have large Stokes shifts, and are resistant to photobleaching. The fluorescence may be readily distinguished from that of endogenous fluorophores, and from that of most existing, commercially-available fluorescent probes. The compounds are well suited for use in “multiplexing” techniques. They exhibit clear isosbestic and isoemissive points, and have broad absorption and emission ranges.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for dynamic bandwidth provisioning in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical ring networks. A plurality of nodes within the network are configured to transmit optical signals at variable wavelengths and receive optical signals at a predetermined wavelength. A network management system computer may be provided to communicate with the network nodes to direct the wavelengths at which each node transmits and receives. A series of one or more lightpath rings within the network are defined by selecting a first plurality of network nodes to provide a channel to support the optical transmission of a communication signal therebetween having a first bandwidth allocation.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses of open ring optical networks are disclosed, as well as optical nodes, for example open intercepts and closed intercepts, supporting open ring optical networks. Open ring optical networks can prevent optical wavelengths from traversing an optical node in an optically transparent network. Optical feedback can be prevented in open ring optical networks, for example optical networks containing optical amplifiers. Coherent crosstalk can be prevented in open ring optical networks. Some open ring networks further allow standard communication protection techniques that are typically associated with rings which are topologically closed. These network architectures can enable low cost-of-maintenance bandwidth upgrades to the entire network.