Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen is described, comprising the steps of: (1) spraying a formulation onto a substrate, the formulation comprising: a charged polymer comprising charged monomers, counterions to the charged monomers; and, an adhesion promoter; (2) drying the formulation to yield a film comprising a critical load of adhesion in a range of 10 to 600 ?N; (3) contacting the pathogen with the film; and (4) inactivating, with the film, at least fifty percent of the pathogen within thirty minutes of the step of contacting, where the adhesion promoter is optionally an antipathogen, such as a polydiallyldimethylammonium salt.

Abstract: A method for inactivating a pathogen is described, comprising the steps of: providing, in a solution: (1) a charged polymer comprising charged monomers and counterions to the charged monomers; increasing a pH of the solution with a base, the step of increasing the pH further comprising the step of: introducing salt ions into the solution; (2) removing at least ten percent of the salt ions from the solution; (3) decreasing the pH of the solution; (4) contacting the pathogen with the charged polymer; and (5) inactivating at least fifty percent of the pathogens within thirty minutes of the step of contacting, where a conductivity of the solution is in a range of 0.1 to 10 mS/cm and/or a total cationic charge of the solution is in a range of 0.4 to 15 C/cm3.

Abstract: A method for inactivating pathogens is described, comprising the steps of: (1) preparing a copolymer comprising repeating units, the repeating units comprising at least two of: first monomers comprising a —NH2+CH2CH2— group; second monomers comprising a —NHCH2CH2— group; and third monomers comprising an acyl group, —C(?O)—R?, attached to a nitrogen in a polymer backbone group of the copolymer comprising —NCH2CH2—, wherein R? comprises a hydrocarbon chain, the repeating units arranged in any order in the copolymer; (2) preparing a formulation, the formulation comprising the copolymer and a total cationic charge in a range of 0.2 to 10 C/cm3, the total cationic charge at least 95% offset by counteranions in the formulation; and (3) inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogen within a time period of less than ninety minutes from contact of the pathogen with the copolymer.

Abstract: A method for inactivating pathogens, comprising the steps of: (1) partially protonating polyethylenimine to yield a first copolymer, the first copolymer comprising: first monomers, the first monomers comprising a —NH2+CH2CH2— group; and second monomers, the second monomers comprising a —NHCH2CH2— group, the first monomers and the second monomers arranged in any order in the copolymer; (2) preparing a formulation, the formulation comprising the first copolymer and a total cationic charge in a range of 0.2 to 10 C/cm3, the total cationic charge at least 95% offset by counteranions in the formulation; (3) contacting the pathogens with the formulation; and (4) inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogens within ninety minutes of the step of contacting.

Abstract: A method for inactivating pathogens is described, comprising the steps of: partially deacylating a poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) to yield a copolymer, an alkyl in the poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) comprising a hydrocarbon chain, the copolymer comprising: first monomers, the first monomers comprising a —NH2+CH2CH2— group; and second monomers, the second monomers comprising an acyl group, —C(?O)—R?, attached to a nitrogen in a polymer backbone group comprising —NCH2CH2—, wherein R? comprises the hydrocarbon chain, the first monomers and the second monomers arranged in any order in the copolymer; preparing a formulation, the formulation comprising the copolymer and a total cationic charge in a range of 0.2 to 10 C/cm3, the total cationic charge at least 95% offset by counteranions in the formulation; contacting the pathogens with the formulation; and inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogens within ninety minutes of the step of contacting.

Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: removing, with an acid, less than 99% of —COR1 acyl groups from nitrogen sites of a poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) in a solution to form a partially protonated and partially acylated poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline), where R1 comprises an alkyl group; adjusting a pH of the solution to greater than 2.5; forming a film from the solution, the film comprising a total cationic charge in a range of 0.001 to 10.0 coulombs per square inch, the total cationic charge countered with counteranions; and reducing activity of the pathogen contacting the film by: greater than 9% and less than 99.99995% in less than one minute, greater than 99.999% in less than four days, and greater than 99.99995% in less than seven days.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for forming an antibacterial/antiviral material, comprising the steps of: dispensing a dose of dispensed contents from a container, the dose of dispensed contents comprising a cationic polymer, a solvent, cationic sites, and anionic sites, the cationic sites in the dose of dispensed contents comprising a total cationic charge; reducing a concentration of the solvent in the dose of dispensed contents by mass through evaporation; forming a film comprising the total cationic charge in a range of 0.001 to 10.0 coulombs per square inch, wherein polymer cationic sites of the cationic polymer of the dose comprises greater than sixty percent of the total cationic charge; and killing, with the film, in accordance with Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) Z 2801 (2006) and/or ISO 22916.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method and apparatus for dispensing a biocide, comprising: a container and a biocide formulation in the container, the biocide formulation comprising: (1) the biocide and a solvent, the biocide comprising a protonated polymer comprising repeating charged units; (2) a total cationic charge density in a range of 0.005 to 0.95 meq/g, at least ten percent of the total cationic charge density from charges of non-quaternary amines of the protonated polymer; (3) an activity coefficient, ?, of a protonated site of the protonated polymer, of greater than 0.7; and (4) a counterion chloride concentration of less than 900 ppm.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for generating a biocide, comprising the steps of generating a solution of polymers comprising charged amines on nitrogen containing repeating backbone monomers, the solution comprising chloride anions as counterions to greater than fifty percent of the charged amines and a pH less than four; and subsequently: (1) increasing a pH of the solution by at least one pH unit and (2) decreasing the chloride anion concentration of the solution by at least five percent to yield a reduced chloride anion solution, the reduced chloride anion solution yielding the biocide, the biocide inactivating, with physical contact for greater than two minutes, both: greater than fifty percent of a bacteria and fifty percent of a virus. Methods of increasing the pH and decreasing the chloride concentration optionally include increasing the pH, forming a solid salt, rinsing and lowering the pH and/or using an anion exchange material.

Abstract: The invention comprises an antiviral film, comprising: a polyethylenimine polymer comprising: (1) repeating monomers comprising nitrogen and (2) a protonated nitrogen form of greater than ten percent of the nitrogens in a group of the repeating monomers, where the antiviral film/the polyethylenimine polymer comprises a charge exceeding 100,000 coulombs, such as where an antiviral function of the film at least meets/is in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Protocol 01-1A and/or the international PAS2424 durability test. Optionally and preferably, at least one, two, or three counterions from a group of counterions of chloride, formate, acetate, citrate, and iodide are associated with the polyethylenimine polymer in any ratio.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for generating a polycationic polymer, comprising the steps of: (1) providing polyethylenimine polymers comprising at least four non-protonated amines for every protonated amine; (2) protonating at least two percent of the non-protonated amines with at least one organic acid, the step of protonating further comprising the step of introducing organic conjugate base counterions to the protonated amines; and (3) decreasing pH of a solution containing the polyethylenimine polymers by at least 0.5 pH units, the solution comprising at least five percent water. Optionally, the step of protonating further comprises the step of yielding formate counterions to the polyethylenimine polymer.

Abstract: The invention comprises an apparatus/composition/formulation, comprising: an antimicrobial film comprising: (1) a polyethylenimine polymer comprising repeating secondary amine monomers and protonation sites at greater than twenty percent of the secondary amine monomers; (2) a first counterion comprising chloride at a concentration greater than ten parts per million; and (3) a second counterion comprising a conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, the second counterion comprising a concentration greater than one part per million, the antimicrobial film in accordance with United States Environmental Protection Agency protocol #01-1A for residual self-sanitizing activity of dried chemical residues on hard, non-porous surfaces. Optionally and preferably, the conjugate base of the carboxylic acid comprises formate and/or acetate, such as with a ratio of the formate-to-chloride greater than 0.1-to-1. Optionally, the charge of the polyethylenimine polymer exceeds 10,000 Coulombs.

Abstract: A method of preparing a disinfecting composition comprising charged polyethylenimine (PEI), the method comprising adding a base to an aqueous solution comprising a linear PEI hydrochloride solution to provide a linear PEI salt solution with a pH between 9-11, adding a first organic acid to reduce the pH to less than 7, removing about 20% to 100% of the salt from the solution, and optionally adding water and/or a second organic acid to obtain the disinfecting composition with a pH of 2-7. The method can further comprise adding at least one metal salt to the disinfecting composition. The resulting disinfecting solution can be used to provide antimicrobial products with enhanced antimicrobial performance, reduced toxicity, and/or able to leave a persistent “kill-later” film.

Abstract: Provided is a polymer-based antimicrobial composition that is non-toxic, water soluble, and that mitigates the transmission of infectious diseases from surfaces. The composition comprises a cationic polymer, at least one adhesion promoter, optionally organic and/or inorganic particles that are photocatalytically active in visible light, and a carrier, in which the components of the composition are not covalently bound to one another. Also provided is an antimicrobial composition that comprises at least (i) a polyethylenimine-based polymer and a carrier or (ii) an organic and/or inorganic particle that is photocatalytically active in visible light, an adhesion promoter, and a carrier. The antimicrobial compositions can be applied to disinfect a surface and to form residual self-sanitizing films on the surface that are removable.

Abstract: Provided is a polymer-based antimicrobial composition that is non-toxic, water soluble, and that mitigates the transmission of infectious diseases from surfaces. The composition comprises a cationic polymer, at least one adhesion promoter, optionally organic and/or inorganic particles that are photocatalytically active in visible light, and a carrier, in which the components of the composition are not covalently bound to one another. Also provided is an antimicrobial composition that comprises at least (i) a polyethylenimine-based polymer and a carrier or (ii) an organic and/or inorganic particle that is photocatalytically active in visible light, an adhesion promoter, and a carrier. The antimicrobial compositions can be applied to disinfect a surface and to form residual self-sanitizing films on the surface that are removable.

Abstract: Provided is a polymer-based antimicrobial composition that is non-toxic, water soluble, and that mitigates the transmission of infectious diseases from surfaces. The composition comprises a cationic polymer, at least one adhesion promoter, optionally organic and/or inorganic particles that are photocatalytically active in visible light, and a carrier, in which the components of the composition are not covalently bound to one another. Also provided is an antimicrobial composition that comprises at least (i) a polyethylenimine-based polymer and a carrier or (ii) an organic and/or inorganic particle that is photocatalytically active in visible light, an adhesion promoter, and a carrier. The antimicrobial compositions can be applied to disinfect a surface and to form residual self-sanitizing films on the surface that are removable.

Abstract: A method for making a solid carbon material comprises: delivering a liquid comprising at least one liquid organic compound into a reaction region of a reactor; delivering a gas comprising at least one gaseous organic compound into the reaction region of the reactor; and inducing a chemical reaction between the at least one liquid organic compound and the at least one gaseous organic compound, wherein: the chemical reaction occurs in the reaction region of the reactor; the solid carbon material is made via the reaction; the solid carbon material is made during the reaction in the form of a dispersion comprising the solid carbon material dispersed in the liquid; and the chemical reaction is a homogeneous reaction comprising homogeneous nucleation of the solid carbon material in the reaction region of the reactor.

Abstract: A method for making a solid carbon material comprises: delivering a liquid comprising at least one liquid organic compound into a reaction region of a reactor; delivering a gas comprising at least one gaseous organic compound into the reaction region of the reactor; and inducing a chemical reaction between the at least one liquid organic compound and the at least one gaseous organic compound, wherein: the chemical reaction occurs in the reaction region of the reactor; the solid carbon material is made via the reaction; the solid carbon material is made during the reaction in the form of a dispersion comprising the solid carbon material dispersed in the liquid; and the chemical reaction is a homogeneous reaction comprising homogeneous nucleation of the solid carbon material in the reaction region of the reactor.

Abstract: A method of preparing a disinfecting composition comprising charged polyethylenimine (PEI), the method comprising adding a base to an aqueous solution comprising a linear PEI hydrochloride solution to provide a linear PEI salt solution with a pH between 9-11, adding a first organic acid to reduce the pH to less than 7, removing about 20% to 100% of the salt from the solution, and optionally adding water and/or a second organic acid to obtain the disinfecting composition with a pH of 2-7. The method can further comprise adding at least one metal salt to the disinfecting composition. The resulting disinfecting solution can be used to provide antimicrobial products with enhanced antimicrobial performance, reduced toxicity, and/or able to leave a persistent “kill-later” film.

Abstract: Provided is an antimicrobial photoreactive composition comprising a photocatalytic multijunction composite that is photoreactive in ordinary room lighting and comprises at least one photocatalytic heterojunction that is primarily carbon based. The composition further comprises at least one surface-coupling material, optionally at least one additive selected from a charge-transfer augmenting material, a light-capturing augmenting material, an antimicrobial augmenting material(s), or a combination thereof, and a carrier. The composition can be coupled to a surface or embedded in a cationic polymer matrix to form an antimicrobial film that is removable. Further provided is a method of disinfecting a surface comprising applying the antimicrobial photoreactive composition to a surface.