Abstract: An apparatus for treating a pathogen, comprising: a liquid formulation comprising: (1) a copolymer, the copolymer comprising: acylated monomers comprising a —COR1 group attached to a nitrogen of a —N—CH2—CH2— element, wherein R1 comprises an alkyl group; and protonated monomers comprising a —NH2+—CH2—CH2— group, the acylated monomers and the protonated monomers comprising any order in the copolymer; (2) a total cationic charge of the copolymer in a range of 0.4 to 15 C/cm3, the total cationic charge at least 98% offset by anionic counterions; and (3) an antipathogen property resultant in killing at least 99% of the pathogen within ten minutes of contact of the pathogen with the liquid formulation.

Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen is described, comprising the steps of: acidifying, in a solution, a molecule, the molecule comprising an alkyl, the molecule comprising a poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) other than poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazaline, the step of acidifying forming an at least partially deacylated poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline), the at least partially deacylated poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) comprising an at least partially acidified state; adding at least one organic solvent to the solution to yield a formulation; tuning, for a protonated secondary amine of the at least partially deacylated poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline), the formulation to comprise an activity coefficient (?) in a range of 0.5 to 0.9999; and inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogen within ten minutes of contact of the pathogen with the formulation.

Abstract: A method is described for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: (1) polymerizing a 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline to form a poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); (2) acidifying at least five percent of the poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) to form a first copolymer, the first copolymer comprising: a first monomer, the first monomer comprising an acyl group attached to a —N—CH2—CH2— group; and a second monomer, the second monomer comprising a —NH+—CH2—CH2— group; (3) forming a formulation comprising the first copolymer in a solvent, the formulation comprising a charge density of 0.2 to 10 C/mL; and (4) inactivating at least fifty percent of the pathogen within a ten minute window of a contact of the pathogen with the formulation.

Abstract: A method for treating a fungus, comprising the steps of: providing, in a formulation, a polyethylenimine at a pH of less than two, a majority of protonated sites on the polyethylenimine associated with chloride counterions; exchanging at least ten percent of the chloride counterions for hydroxide anions bound to an anion exchange material resultant in bound chloride ions on the anion exchange material; separating the anion exchange material from the solution, the step of separating resultant in at least a ten percent reduction of the chloride counterions associated with the polyethylenimine; and inactivating at least fifty percent of the fungus within ten hours through treatment of the fungus with the formulation.

Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: forming a polyethylenimine with hydrochloric acid in a solution, the polyethylenimine comprising secondary amines, the secondary amines being at least partially protonated; adding sodium hydroxide to the solution of the polyethylenimine to increase a pH of the solution by at least one pH unit, such as to above 9; removing at least five percent of non-amine cations, such as sodium ions, in the solution from the solution; lowering the pH, subsequent to the step of removing, of the solution, such as to below 6, to yield a protonation level of the secondary amines in excess of fifty percent; and inactivating at least 50% of a bacteria within 10 minutes of contact of the bacteria with the solution.

Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: polymerizing a molecule to form a polymer, the molecule comprising an alkyl in a molecule comprising a 2-alkyl-2-oxalozine other than a 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline; preparing a formulation comprising a derivative of the polymer and an organic solvent, the derivative comprising protonization of greater than ten percent of monomers of the polymer; and inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogen within ten minutes of contact of the pathogen with the formulation.

Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: (1) providing a polyethylenimine in a solution, the polyethylenimine comprising a total cationic charge of protonated secondary amines of the polyethylenimine, the solution comprising anionic counterions associated with the protonated secondary amines; (2) tuning a protonated site of the polyethylenimine, in a formulation of the solution containing ions, to an activity coefficient (?) in a range of 0.93 to 0.999; (3) forming from the formulation an antibacterial film, the antibacterial film comprising a mean thickness of less than 5 ?m and the total cationic charge of the protonated secondary amines in a range of 0.1 to 1.8 C/in2; and (4) inactivating greater than 99% of first bacteria within less than five minutes of contact with the antibacterial film.

Abstract: A method for treating pathogens on a substrate, comprising the steps of: providing a solid polyethylenimine in a basic pH form comprising protonated and unprotonated nitrogens, a ratio of the protonated nitrogens-to-the unprotonated nitrogens less than 5:95; solubilizing the solid polyethylenimine in a strong acid to form a solution of a polyethylenimine, the polyethylenimine comprising protonated nitrogen sites and counterions to the protonated nitrogen sites; removing at least ten percent of the strong acid from the solution; forming a formulation from the solution, the formulation further comprising at least one of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol; spraying the formulation onto the substrate to form a film, the film reducing activity of the first bacteria contacting the film by: greater than 9% and less than 99.99995% in less than three minutes; and greater than 99.99995% in less than seven days.

Abstract: A method for treating a substrate with a biocide, comprising the steps of: combining in a formulation: a salt of a polydiallyldimethylammonium, an organic solvent, and water; controlling a concentration of the polydiallyldimethyl-ammonium to greater than 50 mg per liter in the formulation to yield a self-spreading surface tension, of the formulation, of less than 50 mN/m; limiting, in the formulation, the concentration of the polydiallyldimethylammonium to less than 1500 mg per liter to yield a sprayable liquid comprising a viscosity of less than 250 centipoise; spraying the substrate with the formulation to yield an antibacterial film, the antibacterial film comprising: (1) 15 to 500 ?g per square inch of the polydiallyldimethylammonium; and inactivating, according to a test protocol of JIS X 2801 (2006), at least 90 percent of first bacteria with the antibacterial film.

Abstract: An apparatus for coating a substrate, comprising: an antimicrobial film, comprising: a partially protonated polyethylenimine in a range of 0.1 to 5 mg per square inch; a polydiallyldimethylammonium salt; chloride counterions; first conjugate base counterions of a first organic acid, the first conjugate base counterions comprising a first mass of 0.001 to 0.1 mg per square inch; second conjugate base counterions of a second organic acid, the second conjugate base counterions comprising a second mass of 0.05 to 1 mg per square inch; and a total cationic charge of the antimicrobial film in a range of 200 to 3000 C/m2, the total cationic charge countered by anions in the antimicrobial film, the antimicrobial film comprising an antimicrobial efficacy of greater than ninety percent according to PAS 2424:1024.

Abstract: A method for forming a biocidal film, comprising the steps of: forming a solution comprising a protonated polyalkylenimine, free chloride ions, and chloride counterions; removing at least fifty percent of the free chloride ions from the solution via density separation to yield a residual chloride concentration; reducing the residual chloride concentration by at least fifty percent with an anion exchange material; decreasing a percentage of protonated sites of the polyalkylenimine associated with the chloride counterions through addition of an organic acid to the solution; and forming, from the solution, the film with properties of: inactivating at least 99 percent of a first bacteria making contact with the film within one hour; and deactivating at least 99 percent of second bacteria within one hour, the second bacteria contacting the film at least one day later.

Abstract: A method for forming an antimicrobial film, comprising the steps of: providing in a solution a polyalkylenimine, first free chloride anions, and chloride counterions associated with protonated sites of the polyalkylenimine; removing at least seventy percent of the first free chloride anions, through evaporation; exchanging hydroxide anions for residual free chloride anions in the solution; increasing a number of the protonated sites through addition of a carboxylic acid to the solution; preparing a formulation from the solution comprising greater than ten percent ethanol; forming the film from the formulation; and inactivating greater than ninety percent of a bacteria with the film after a durability rubbing treatment, the antibacterial effectiveness resultant from a combination of the polyalkylenimine and the carboxylic acid, in a mass range of 0.1 to 10 and 0.001 to 0.1 mg per square inch, respectively.

Abstract: A method for reducing interaction of a single virus member with a host, comprising the steps of: forming a film from a solution comprising an at least partially protonated/deacylated poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) and an at least partially protonated polyalkylenimine, the film comprising a total cationic charge in a range of 0.001 to 10.0 coulombs per square inch; inhibiting interaction of the single virus member, on the film, with the host through the steps of electrostatically pulling together first and second anionic sites of the virus with first and second respective multiple cationic sites of the polyalkylenimine and the poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline); and inactivating at least fifty percent of a set of the virus according to tests and procedures of ISO 21702 on a non-porous surface.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: reacting, in a solution, poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) with a strong acid to form a polyalkylenimine and a carboxylic acid, the polyalkylenimine comprising protonated sites; increasing relative concentration of the polyalkylenimine through removal of at least 95% of the carboxylic acid from the solution; adjusting pH of the solution to greater than 2.5; producing a film on a substrate from the solution; contacting first bacteria with the film; and reducing activity of the first bacteria contacting the film by: greater than 9% and less than 99.99995% in less than one minute; greater than 99.999% in less than four days; and greater than 99.99995% in less than seven days.

Abstract: A method for forming a film, comprising the steps of: providing a solution comprising a polyalkylenimine, chloride counterions to protonated sites on the polyalkylenimine, and chloride ions; exchanging bound hydroxide anions from an anion exchange material for the chloride ions yielding released hydroxide anions; increasing pH of the solution, without a correlated sodium ion increase, through reaction of protons in the solution with the released hydroxide anions from the anion exchange material, which partially deprotonates the polyalkylenimine; repeating the steps of exchanging, increasing, and deprotonating until the pH of the solution increases to greater than three; and forming the film from the solution, the film comprising a thickness in a range of 0.1 to 10 ?m with a charge density, of protonated sites of the film, of greater than 300 C/in3, the protonated sites associated with counteranions.

Abstract: The invention comprises a method for treating a pathogen, comprising the steps of: reacting, in a solution, a poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) with a strong acid to form a polyalkylenimine and a carboxylic acid, the polyalkylenimine comprising protonated sites, wherein a pendant in the poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) comprises the 2-alkyl group in poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline); increasing relative concentration of the polyethylenimine through removal of at least 2% and less than 97% of the carboxylic acid from the solution; adjusting pH of the solution to greater than 2.5; forming a film on a substrate from the solution; contacting first bacteria with the film; and reducing activity of the first bacteria contacting the film by: greater than 9% and less than 99.99995% in less than one minute; greater than 99.999% in less than four days; and greater than 99.99995% in less than seven days.

Abstract: A method for inactivating pathogens is described, comprising the steps of: (1) partially deacylating a poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) to yield a copolymer, the copolymer comprising: first monomers comprising a —NH+CH2CH2— group and second monomers comprising a —COCH2CH3 group attached to a nitrogen in a polymer backbone group comprising —NCH2CH2—, the first monomers and the second monomers arranged in any order in the copolymer; (2) preparing a formulation comprising the copolymer and a total cationic charge in a range of 0.2 to 10 C/cm3, the total cationic charge at least 95% offset by counteranions in the formulation; (3) contacting the pathogens with the formulation; and (4) inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogens within ten minutes of the step of contacting.

Abstract: A method for treating a pathogen is described, comprising the steps of: (1) spraying a formulation onto a substrate, the formulation comprising: a charged polymer comprising charged monomers, counterions to the charged monomers; and, an adhesion promoter; (2) drying the formulation to yield a film comprising a critical load of adhesion in a range of 10 to 600 ?N; (3) contacting the pathogen with the film; and (4) inactivating, with the film, at least fifty percent of the pathogen within thirty minutes of the step of contacting, where the adhesion promoter is optionally an antipathogen, such as a polydiallyldimethylammonium salt.

Abstract: A method for inactivating a pathogen is described, comprising the steps of: providing, in a solution: (1) a charged polymer comprising charged monomers and counterions to the charged monomers; increasing a pH of the solution with a base, the step of increasing the pH further comprising the step of: introducing salt ions into the solution; (2) removing at least ten percent of the salt ions from the solution; (3) decreasing the pH of the solution; (4) contacting the pathogen with the charged polymer; and (5) inactivating at least fifty percent of the pathogens within thirty minutes of the step of contacting, where a conductivity of the solution is in a range of 0.1 to 10 mS/cm and/or a total cationic charge of the solution is in a range of 0.4 to 15 C/cm3.

Abstract: A method for inactivating pathogens is described, comprising the steps of: (1) preparing a copolymer comprising repeating units, the repeating units comprising at least two of: first monomers comprising a —NH2+CH2CH2— group; second monomers comprising a —NHCH2CH2— group; and third monomers comprising an acyl group, —C(?O)—R?, attached to a nitrogen in a polymer backbone group of the copolymer comprising —NCH2CH2—, wherein R? comprises a hydrocarbon chain, the repeating units arranged in any order in the copolymer; (2) preparing a formulation, the formulation comprising the copolymer and a total cationic charge in a range of 0.2 to 10 C/cm3, the total cationic charge at least 95% offset by counteranions in the formulation; and (3) inactivating at least ninety percent of the pathogen within a time period of less than ninety minutes from contact of the pathogen with the copolymer.