Abstract: A phototherapeutic footwear is provided for treating vitamin D deficiency using UVB light and red light. The phototherapy device includes a light source configured to emit UVB light to stimulate production of vitamin D by a patient's body and to emit red light to stimulate melatonin production by the patient's body. The light source and a power source are mechanically supported by a main body, such that the UVB light and red light are directed onto a skin of a patient.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of electroplating a metal onto a substrate surface in an electroplating bath and adjusting the pH of the bath. The methods may include exposing the substrate surface, a counter-electrode, and an acid generating surface to the bath, biasing the substrate surface sufficiently negative relative to the counterelectrode such that metal ions from the bath are reduced and plated onto the substrate surface, and biasing the acid generating surface sufficiently positive relative to the counterelectrode such that free hydrogen ions are generated at the acid generating surface thereby decreasing the pH of the bath. Also disclosed are apparatuses for electroplating metal onto a substrate surface in an electroplating bath, and for adjusting the pH of the electroplating bath. The apparatuses may include an acid generating surface configured to generate free hydrogen ions in the bath upon supply of sufficient positive voltage bias relative to a counterelectrode electrical contact.

Abstract: A system for approximating flux density of light on a human retina. A housing has an opening allowing light to pass to inside the housing. A baffle coupled to the housing replicates a facial cutoff function response for the light inside the housing. Two detectors are positioned to detect the light inside the housing. One detector produces a photopic spectral response function of the light inside the housing that approximately replicates a spectral response of the foveal cones in the retina. Another detector produces a scotopic spectral response function of the light inside the housing that approximately replicates a spectral response of rods in the retina. A processor coupled to the detectors calculates a mesopic flux density of the light inside the housing based on the photopic and scotopic spectral response functions.

Abstract: A system for approximating flux density of light on a human retina. A housing has an opening allowing light to pass to inside the housing. A baffle coupled to the housing replicates a facial cutoff function response for the light inside the housing. Two detectors are positioned to detect the light inside the housing. One detector produces a photopic spectral response function of the light inside the housing that approximately replicates a spectral response of the foveal cones in the retina. Another detector produces a scotopic spectral response function of the light inside the housing that approximately replicates a spectral response of rods in the retina. A processor coupled to the detectors calculates a mesopic flux density of the light inside the housing based on the photopic and scotopic spectral response functions.