Abstract: Haematuria is a considerable burden within primary and secondary care; too many haematuria patients are referred to secondary care for invasive and expensive investigations that could be managed in primary care. The current invention has identified biomarker combinations with utility for the diagnosis of bladder cancer in males. Using gender specific biomarker algorithms in combination with clinical risks that are associated with bladder cancer, would allow clinicians to better manage haematuria patients in primary care setting.

Abstract: Single markers lack both sensitivity and specificity to stratify risk of PCa in patients who present with elevated tPSA and abnormal DRE. The novel combination of serum markers identified in this study could be employed to help triage patients into ‘low’ and ‘high’ risk categories, allowing general practitioners (GPs) to improve management of patients in primary care settings and potentially reducing the number of referrals for unnecessary, invasive, and costly treatments.

Abstract: Described is the use of GFAP as a marker of drug-induced cellular toxicity and depression.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for detecting the presence or risk of bladder cancer in a female patient comprising the steps of detecting the presence of a panel of biomarkers in a sample isolated from a female patient, said panel of biomarkers comprising IL-13 and IL-12p70 and one or more biomarkers selected from BTA, Midkine, PAI-1/tPA, 8OHdG, CEA, CK18, Clusterin, Creatinine, CXCL16, Cystatin B, Cystatin C, d-Dimer, EGF, FAS, HAD, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, MCP-1, Microalbumin, MMP9NGAL, MMP9TIMP1, NGAL, NSE, Progranulin, TUP, TGFB1, Thrombomodulin, sTNFR1, TPA, VEGF and Triglycerides and/or the concentration of albumin/microalbumin/protein and creatinine expressed as an albumin:creatinine ratio in a sample isolated from a female patient; and assessing the results and comparing them to a normal control wherein an elevated presence of the biomarker compared to a normal control indicates the presence or risk of cancer in the patient from whom the sample is isolated.

Abstract: A method for determining predisposition of a subject to developing renal dysfunction (AKI), and to a kit for use in making such a determination is provided. Suitably at least one marker selected from Midkine (MK) or H-FABP present in a blood or urine sample is used in the method.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a solid state device for identifying the presence of urothelial cancer in a patient comprising assigning the subject to a sub-population according to smoking habits, measuring the level of each biomarker of a panel of biomarkers in one or more samples obtained from the subject; and correlating the measured levels of the panel of biomarkers with the likelihood of the subject having urothelial cancer such that the subject can be classified as having urothelial cancer or as being a control.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and a solid state device for identifying the presence of urothelial cancer in a patient comprising assigning the subject to a sub-population according to smoking habits, measuring the level of each biomarker of a panel of biomarkers in one or more samples obtained from the subject; and correlating the measured levels of the panel of biomarkers with the likelihood of the subject having urothelial cancer such that the subject can be classified as having urothelial cancer or as being a control.