Abstract: A freestanding laminate includes a separator and an anode layer. The anode layer includes an electrically conductive carbon active material including particular amounts of an activated carbon; a binder; and an electrically conductive filler. The anode layer is in direct physical contact with a first side of the separator. The freestanding laminate is particularly useful for use in various energy storage devices.

Abstract: In an aspect, an intumescent battery pad for a lithium ion battery comprises a polyurethane foam having a compression force deflection of 5 to 1,035 kilopascals at 25% deflection determined in accordance with ASTM D3574-17; and an intumescent material comprising an acid source, a carbon source, and a blowing agent; wherein the intumescent battery pad has a UL-V0 rating at a thickness of 1 millimeter. In another aspect, a battery can comprise at least two battery cells; and an intumescent battery pad located in between the at least two battery cells.